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Table 4 Multiple regression analysesa with health care costs as dependent variable and frailty status as main predictor variable

From: Associations of frailty with health care costs – results of the ESTHER cohort study

 

Models without comorbidity (1)

Models with comorbidity (2)

 

Total

Inpatientb

Outpatient

Pharmaceuticals

Nursing careb

Total

Inpatientb

Outpatient

Pharmaceuticals

Nursing careb

Prefrail (1)

77.51

2.94

35.15

26.76

12.74

56.19

−10.18

33.15

17.57

10.14

 

(73.88)

(63.68)

(23.38)

(10.95)*

(10.35)

(73.21)

(63.21)

(23.25)

(9.72)

(9.06)

Prefrail (2)

366.93

245.08

25.23

95.81

8.31

227.08

169.58

9.93

62.03

5.40

 

(124.28)**

(125.43)

(29.65)

(19.11)***

(5.86)

(111.61)*

(112.66)

(28.71)

(15.34)***

(4.81)

Frail (3)

968.14

515.10

100.01

143.38

76.96

680.42

368.85

55.84

87.31

48.97

 

(330.26)**

(261.58)*

(61.57)

(40.15)***

(47.75)

(273.12)*

(219.89)

(54.52)

(29.41)**

(33.38)

Frail (4 & 5)

3093.56

1946.88

234.64

303.25

334.93

1917.03

1278.81

161.10

123.96

181.00

 

(1119.22)**

(847.00)*

(118.79)*

(95.03)**

(167.83)*

(772.18)*

(623.41)*

(101.48)

(50.99)*

(109.49)

Age

4.41

−0.50

1.07

1.20

1.02

1.12

−2.48

0.63

0.97

0.82

 

(6.41)

(5.74)

(1.77)

(0.94)

(0.50)*

(6.07)

(5.43)

(1.73)

(0.81)

(0.43)

Sex

97.37

94.22

−22.32

24.34

3.08

25.51

56.32

−33.31

14.75

0.81

 

(80.06)

(70.36)

(22.68)

(11.70)*

(5.17)

(74.73)

(66.00)

(22.17)

(9.83)

(4.36)

Single

−156.63

−42.12

−21.16

−21.51

1.01

−214.93

−77.50

−40.70

−40.24

−2.39

 

(169.62)

(140.52)

(56.23)

(27.99)

(12.76)

(145.24)

(117.21)

(50.60)

(20.24)*

(8.72)

Divorced

120.59

102.07

−24.30

−7.93

−12.42

139.17

100.90

−22.10

−0.56

−10.79

 

(172.23)

(145.20)

(39.22)

(21.62)

(5.12)*

(166.91)

(138.69)

(38.66)

(19.11)

(4.79)*

Widowed

28.50

66.15

6.63

−18.00

−4.55

13.45

53.71

−0.52

−18.47

−4.71

 

(109.65)

(98.89)

(30.88)

(14.49)

(5.06)

(101.63)

(91.39)

(29.59)

(12.15)

(4.36)

Education:

7.73

−46.47

56.69

3.99

5.39

39.37

−33.93

62.43

9.68

4.94

 - middle

(103.11)

(87.39)

(32.01)

(15.23)

(8.33)

(99.17)

(83.14)

(31.46)*

(13.13)

(7.37)

 - high

−98.13

−73.63

−12.96

−26.15

−1.37

−73.33

−55.10

−12.03

−24.37

−0.47

 

(101.48)

(92.30)

(29.50)

(14.25)

(5.66)

(96.79)

(89.59)

(28.53)

(11.88)*

(5.09)

Private HI

312.74

213.40

46.41

64.25

−7.67

348.30

219.27

54.34

78.70

−5.79

 

(191.36)

(175.75)

(47.08)

(27.70)*

(4.25)

(188.13)

(170.07)

(46.77)

(25.17)**

(4.10)

Comorbidity

./.

./.

./.

./.

./.

46.69

19.52

8.07

10.45

0.71

(CIRS-G)

./.

./.

./.

./.

./.

(7.79)***

(5.61)***

(2.06)***

(1.00)***

(0.32)*

N

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

2508

  1. CIRS-G Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics
  2. * p < .05 **p < .01 *** p < .001
  3. aMarginal effects of all variables at their means are reported; predictions obtained from generalized linear models with log link and gamma distribution or from two part models when indicated. bpredictions obtained from two-part models with logit regression for the first part and log-gamma model for the second part