Table 1 Mean (SD) and differences in demographic characteristics, pain-related fear, outcome variables, and cost components at an eight-week baseline period per treatment group

Age (years)

45.45 (8.42)

47.13 (9.58)

−1.67

(-2.90 to 6.26)

Gender (% female)

50 %

50 %

Education (%)

(-0.51 to 0.13)

 Low

41.9 %

45.2 %

 Intermediate

41.9 %

54.8 %

 High

16.1 %

0 %

QBPDS (0-100)^b

53.53 (12.79)

55.02 (11.41)

1.48

(-4.67 to 7.64)

Utility (0-1)^b

0.60 (0.07)

0.58 (0.05)

−0.02

(-0.06 to 0.01)

Health care costs^a

68.56 (30.27)

65.78 (38.68)

−3.00

(-94.00 to 99.00)

Patient and family costs^a

332.44 (94.59)

367.74 (84.98)

35

(-224.00 to 268.00)

Productivity loss^a

1,126.98 (355.07)

754.83 (255.86)

−372

(-1,205.00 to 456.00)

Total costs ^a

1,529.32 (371.80)

1,204.73 (282.12)

−325

(-1,301 to 586)