From: Comparing efficiency of health systems across industrialized countries: a panel analysis
 | Model C | Model D | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | FE | FE full | SFA | FE | FE full | SFA |
Total physicians per 1,000 capita | 0.061* | 0.041* | 0.007 | 0.047 | 0.039* | 0.008 |
 | (0.028) | (0.018) | (0.007) | (0.022) | (0.017) | (0.006) |
YPLL from assaults per 100,000 capita | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −0.000 |
 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
YPLL from self-harm per 100,000 capita | −0.002 | 0.001 | −0.002 | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
 | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.001) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.002) |
YPLL from transportation per 100,000 capita | −0.026* | −0.013 | −0.002 | −0.021* | −0.013 | −0.002 |
 | (0.009) | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.001) |
YPLL from alcohol use per 100,000 capita | −0.003* | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.001 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
 | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) |
Calories consumed per capita per day (adjusted for average population height in cm) | 0.048 | 0.002 | −0.012 | 0.065 | 0.009 | −0.022 |
 | (0.025) | (0.034) | (0.012) | (0.038) | (0.034) | (0.012) |
Percent of population (15 years and older) smoking daily | −0.025* | −0.004 | 0.002 | −0.017* | −0.004 | 0.002 |
 | (0.011) | (0.006) | (0.002) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.002) |
Total (mobile + stationary) nitrogen dioxide (measured in cubic tons) per square mile of land | −0.008 | 0.018* | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.018* | 0.003 |
 | (0.009) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.003) |
GDP per capita, PPP, deflated to 2005Â dollars | Â | Â | Â | 0.038*** | 0.008 | 0.017** |
 |  |  |  | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.006) |
Year | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1991 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
1992 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
1993 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
1994 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
1995 |  | −0.029*** |  |  | −0.027*** |  |
 |  | (0.004) |  |  | (0.005) |  |
1996 |  | −0.026*** |  |  | −0.024*** |  |
 |  | (0.004) |  |  | (0.004) |  |
1997 |  | −0.023*** |  |  | −0.022*** |  |
 |  | (0.004) |  |  | (0.004) |  |
1998 |  | −0.021*** |  |  | −0.019*** |  |
 |  | (0.003) |  |  | (0.003) |  |
1999 |  | −0.017*** |  |  | −0.016*** |  |
 |  | (0.003) |  |  | (0.003) |  |
2000 |  | −0.015 |  |  | −0.014*** |  |
 |  | (0.002) |  |  | (0.002) |  |
2001 |  | −0.012 |  |  | −0.011*** |  |
 |  | (0.001) |  |  | (0.002) |  |
2002 |  | −0.011*** |  |  | −0.010*** |  |
 |  | (0.001) |  |  | (0.001) |  |
2003 |  | −0.010*** |  |  | −0.009*** |  |
 |  | (0.001) |  |  | (0.011) |  |
2004 |  | −0.006*** |  |  | −0.006*** |  |
 |  | (0.001) |  |  | (0.001) |  |
2005 |  | −0.004*** |  |  | −0.004*** |  |
 |  | (0.001) |  |  | (0.001) |  |
2006 |  | −0.002 |  |  | −0.002 |  |
 |  | (0.001) |  |  | (0.001) |  |
2007 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
2008 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
2009 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
2010 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â |
Constant | 4.579*** | 4.292*** | Â | 3.952*** | 4.178*** | Â |
 | (0.219) | (0.153) |  | (0.193) | (0.173) |  |
Observations | 133 | 133 | 133 | 133 | 133 | 133 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.890 | 0.946 | Â | 0.915 | 0.946 | Â |