Table 3 Generalized linear model of hospital payment-to-charge ratio by payer

Female

.204

-.442

-.671***

.007

-.094

Age Group, years (%)

 0–17

1.26***

-.072

.497

-.246

-.328

 18–35

.845***

.173

.974***

-.605*

−1.03*

 36–45

2.78**

-.153

.057

-.563

−1.20*

 46–55

-.431

-.123

.795

-.264

−1.01

Race/Ethnicity (%)

 Black

.225

.040

.037

-.180

.172

 Hispanic

.262***

.158**

-.045

-.226*

.057

 Other/missing race

-.071

.073

-.305**

-.003

.304***

Inpatient Stay (%)

 Died

2.03*

3.59**

.696

−3.05

.238

 APR-DRG = 2

.044

.209

.467**

-.103

-.292

 APR-DRG = 3

-.472*

.776**

.816

.038

−1.68*

 APR-DRG = 4

-.539

−4.71***

−2.04

-.034

-.955

Hospital And Market

 Critical access hospital

.572***

.502***

.153

-.103

-.014

 Rural referral center

.070**

.109**

.026

-.038

.062

 Sole community provider

.193***

.096

.219***

-.034

.033

 Teaching hospital

.180***

.180***

.074**

-.059

-.114*

 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)

.019***

.077***

.101***

-.004

-.161*

 HHI squared

.001***

-.004***

-.005***

.001

.013*

 Average DRG weight

.133

.058

.011

.177*

.071

 Medicare disch./10,000

.005

—

—

—

—

 (Medicare disch./10,000)^2

-.007

—

—

—

—

 Medicare ALOS/10

-.385

—

—

—

—

 (Medicare ALOS/10)^2

.142

—

—

—

—

 Medicaid disch/10,000

—

-.052

—

—

—

 (Medicaid disch/10,000)^2

—

.015

—

—

—

 Medicaid ALOS/10

—

.065***

—

—

—

 (Medicaid ALOS/10)^2

—

.003***

—

—

—

 Wage index

-.452***

-.464***

.056

-.093

-.177

State

 2005 deficit ($)

-.033*

-.021***

-.019*

-.039***

-.040***

 2006 per capita income ($)

.018

.039***

.000

.084***

.033***

 Elderly under FPL (100,000 s)

.000

-.000

.000

.000***

.000

 Medicaid eligibility threshold for children (% of FPL)

-.686**

−1.41***

-.754***

−3.97***

−2.21***

 Medicaid eligibility threshold for working parents (% of FPL)

.425***

.194***

.303

.563***

.195***

 Medicaid per capita spending ($)

.236***

.289***

.000***

-.181***

-.213***

 CHIP enrollment rate

−8.34***

−7.86***

−6.99***

−8.17***

.627

 Number of FQHCs per 1,000 nonelderly uninsured

-.000***

-.000***

-.166***

-.000***

-.037***

First-Stage Errors

 Medicare PCR

---

1.30***

.582***

.095

.196

 Medicaid PCR

1.37***

---

.224

.151

-.012

 Private PCR

.598***

.109

---

-.236

-.025

 Self-Pay PCR

-.012

-.022

-.226

---

-.092

 Other PCR

-.007

-.021

-.058**

-.089

---

 Intercept

6.71***

6.53

6.57

8.26

1.61

 Number of Observations

852

856

854

778

817