The impact of interventions on appointment and clinical outcomes for individuals with diabetes: a systematic review

Nuti, Lynn; Turkcan, Ayten; Lawley, Mark A.; Zhang, Lingsong; Sands, Laura; McComb, Sara

doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0938-5

Table 8 Changes in behavioral outcomes

From: The impact of interventions on appointment and clinical outcomes for individuals with diabetes: a systematic review

	Author	On schedule	To visit	With information	Improved self-management								Increased outpatient care services^a				Decreased acute care utilization		Improved adherence to ADA guidelines			Other
					SMBG testing	Self-efficacy score	QOL score	Patient satisfaction	Physical activity exercise	Foot care	Diet	Nutrition	Lab tests completed	Vaccination	Provider visit	Specialist visit	Emergency visits	Hospital admissions	Foot exam	Eye exam	Processes of care
1	Anderson et al. 2003 [15]	✓																		S
41	Lafata et al. 2002 [14]	✓											A1c		S					S
41	Lafata et al. 2002 [14]	✓											LDL		S					S
60	Rai et al. 2011 [18]	✓											A1c		S
70	Subramanian et al. 2009 [23]	✓											A1c↓		NS		NS	NS
													LDL
													Alb↓
2	Austin and Wolfe 2011 [24]		✓										A1c
2	Austin and Wolfe 2011 [24]		✓										LDL
17	Derose et al. 2009 [25]		✓										A1c
													LDL
													Alb
66	DM Smith et al. 1987 [27]		✓												S			NS				Kept scheduled visits↑
																						Scheduled appointments↑
																						Missed appointments
																						Medication refills
3	Avdal et al. 2011 [61]			✓											S
5	Benhamou et al. 2007 [63]			✓	NS		S
8	Carter et al. 2011 [37]			✓					NS		NS											Diabetes knowledge↑
																						Diabetes management practice↑
																						Perceived physical health status↑
																						Perceived mental health status↑
10	Cherry et al. 2002 [46]			✓			S	NS							S↓		NS	NS				Patients who feel more connected
																						Medication compliance
																						Number of post-discharge visits
12	Cho et al. 2009 [66] (internet vs. phone)			✓	NS^b			NS^a
13	Cho et al. 2011 [67]			✓	S
15	Ciemins et al. 2009 [52]			✓									A1c						S	S	S
													LDL
													Lip
													AlbCR
18	Dijkstra et al. 2005 [54]			✓									A1c			NS			S	NS		Urine exam < 12 mo.
													TC									Weight checked
													BP									BMI checked
																						Physical exercise advised↑
																						Smoking discussed↑
													CR									Smoking discussed↑
24	Glasgow et al. 2003 (overall) [70]			✓					NS		S										S	Psychosocial outcomes (total support scale)↑
	Glasgow et al. 2003 (peer support) [70]			✓					NS		NS										NS	Psychosocial outcomes (total support scale)↑
	Glasgow et al. 2003 (tailored self-management) [70]			✓					NS		S										NS	Psychosocial outcomes (total support scale)
25	Glasgow et al. 2004 [58]			✓	S		NS	S				S	BP						S	S		Self-management goal setting↑
25	Glasgow et al. 2004 [58]			✓	S		NS	S				S	Alb						S	S		Depressive symptoms
32	HS Kim et al. 2005 [44]			✓				S
33	HS Kim et al. 2006 [42]			✓					S	S	NS											Medication taking↑
40	Kwon et al. 2004 [45]			✓				A
43	Litzelman et al. 1993 [75]			✓						S									S
44	Lorig et al. 2010 [76]			✓		S			NS						NS							Health distress↓
																						Depression
																						Patient activation
46	McCarrier et al. 2009 [77]			✓		S																Program usage
50	McMahon et al. 2012 [47] (online care)			✓																		Diabetes distress
	McMahon et al. 2012 [47] (telephone care)			✓																		Diabetes distress
	McMahon et al. 2012 [47] (usual care with web training)			✓																		Diabetes distress
51	Mehler et al. 2005 [79]			✓									LDL
51	Mehler et al. 2005 [79]			✓									Lip
52	Meigs et al. 2003 [49]			✓									A1c						S	NS
52	Meigs et al. 2003 [49]			✓									LDL						S	NS
56	Moorman et al. 2012 [81]			✓	NS																	Follow up appointment kept
56	Moorman et al. 2012 [81]			✓	NS																	Returned SMBG log
57	Musacchio et al. 2011 [82]			✓												S↓
58	Nes et al. 2012 [83]			✓			NP															Diabetes distress
59	Piette et al. 2000 [84]			✓		S	NS	S														Depression↓
																						Days in bed because of illness↓
																						Anxiety
62	Ryan et al. 2013 [85]			✓			NS
63	Sacco et al. 2009 [48]			✓		S			S	S	S
68	Song et al. 2009 [87]			✓																		Diabetes care knowledge↑
68	Song et al. 2009 [87]			✓																		Diabetes care behavior↑
71	Tang et al. 2013 [89]			✓				S							NS							Diabetes distress
74	Weber et al. 2008 [53]			✓									A1c	In							S	Percentage documented non-smoker
													A1c	Pn
													LDL
													Alb
76	Yoo et al. 2009 [91]			✓	NP
65	Seto et al. 2012 [16]	✓	✓										A1c									Appointment adherence
4	Bailie et al. 2004 [62]	✓		✓									A1c	In					S	S		Weight measurement↓
													CR	Pn								Weight measurement↓
													CR									BMI measurement
													AlbCR									BMI measurement
													AlbCR									Counseling about diet, activity, weight, smoking, alcohol, medication
													Lip
14	Chumbler et al. 2005 [21]	✓		✓											S	NS	S	S	NS	NS
16	de Grauw et al. 2002 [19]	✓		✓									A1c		S	S
													SBP
													DBP
20	Edwards et al. 2012 [17]	✓		✓									A1c	In					S	S	S
20	Edwards et al. 2012 [17]	✓		✓									Lip	Pn					S	S	S
22	Fischer et al. 2011 [13] (mailed patient report card)	✓		✓									A1c
													BP
													LDL
30	Jones and Curry 2006 [50]	✓		✓										In					S	S
30	Jones and Curry 2006 [50]	✓		✓										Pn					S	S
45	MacLean et al. 2009 [20]	✓		✓			NS		S	NS	NS		A1c		S↓	S↓	S	S				Functional status
													A1c									Blood testing
													LDL									Blood testing
													LDL									Cost↓
													CR									Cost↓
64	Sadur et al. 1999 [22]	✓		✓	NS	NS		NS	NS	NS		S			NS			S
23	Fischer et al. 2012 [69]		✓	✓	S			A														No-shows
23	Fischer et al. 2012 [69]		✓	✓	S			A														Cancellations
28	Holbrook et al. 2009 [28]		✓	✓					NS				A1c		S				S		S
													BP
													LDL
													Alb
47	McDermott et al. 2001 [32]		✓	✓									A1c	In				S	S	S		Hypertension receiving treatment,
													BP	Pn								Hypertension receiving treatment,
																						Retinopathy noted,
																						Dyslipidemia noted↑,
																						Self monitoring,
																						Urinary ACR checked <12 mo.↑,
																						Weight checked↑,
																						BP checked ↓,
													Lip									Albuminuria on ACE inhibitor treatment
													CR									Albuminuria on ACE inhibitor treatment
48	McDiarmid et al. 2001 [51]		✓	✓									A1c						S	S		Office visit with inquiry of hypoglycemia↑
													LDL
													Alb
53	Meulepas et al. 2007 [30]		✓	✓									A1c						S	S		Smoking status checked↑,
													BP									Smoking status checked↑,
													BP									BMI checked↑
													FBG
													DBP
													TC
													CR
54	Meulepas et al. 2008 [31]		✓	✓					S													Percentage of non-smokers,
54	Meulepas et al. 2008 [31]		✓	✓					S													BMI checked
72	Thomas et al. 2007 [26]		✓	✓									A1c
72	Thomas et al. 2007 [26]		✓	✓									LDL
19	Edelman et al. 2010 [34]	✓	✓	✓											S↓		S	NS				Lightheadedness or falls↓,
19	Edelman et al. 2010 [34]	✓	✓	✓											S↓		S	NS				Medication adherence

S significant (p-value≤0.05), NS non-significant (p-value>0.05), ↓ decrease, ↑ increase
^aIf outpatient care services are significantly reduced (not increased) after intervention, it is represented using ↓
A1c Hemoglobin HbA1c test, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, BP Blood pressure, CR Creatinine, TC Total cholesterol, FBG Fasting blood glucose, Alb Urine microalbumin, AlbCR Microalbumin/creatinine, BMI Body mass index, Lip Lipid profile, In Influenza vaccination, Pn Pneumonia vaccination
Bolded text indicates significant findings
^bDifference between groups, A Measured only after the intervention, NP p-value is not given

Back to article page

ISSN: 1472-6963

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com

BMC Health Services Research

Contact us