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Table 3 Proportion of participants with a hospital admission, and adjusted relative rates (rate per participant year) and ratios of relative rates of hospital admission (all cause) by demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health and wellbeing characteristics among participants with and without diabetes

From: Impact of diabetes on hospital admission and length of stay among a general population aged 45 year or more: a record linkage study

Characteristic

Diabetes

No diabetes

Comparison of aRRs

 

% admitted

aRR* (95% CI)

% admitted

aRR* (95% CI)

Ratio of RR (95% CI)

p-value

Demographic characteristics

    

Gender

      

Female

31.5

1

22.9

1

1

 

Male

33.9

1.16 (1.12-1.21)

25.8

1.04 (1-02-1-05)

1.12 (1.07-1.16)

<0.001

Age group (years)

      

45-59

23.8

1

17.2

1

1

 

60-74

32.5

1.45(1.37-1.53)

26.9

1.65(1.62-1.68)

0.88(0.83-0.93)

<0.001

≥75

43.7

1.72(1.63-1.82)

39.2

2.31(2.27-2.36)

0.74(0.70-0.79)

<0.001

Country of birth

      

Australia

33.8

1

24.6

1

1

 

Overseas

30.3

0.91(0.87-0.95)

22.9

0.94(0.92-0.95)

0.97(0.92-1.01)

0.2

Socioeconomic status

      

Education

      

University

29.0

1

20.9

1

1

 

Trade/Cert/Diploma

32.9

0.97(0.91-1.03)

24.0

1.00(0.98-1.02)

0.97(0.91-1.04)

0.4

At least year 10

32.3

0.89(0.84-0.95)

24.9

0.98(0.96-1.00)

0.91(0.85-0.97)

<0.001

Less than Year 10

36.1

0.93(0.87-0.99)

29.0

1.02(0.99-1.04)

0.91(0.85-0.98)

0.01

Household income ($AUD)

     

$70,000+

25.5

1

19.5

1

1

 

$40,000-$69,999

27.4

1.07(0.98-1.17)

21.4

1.02(1.00-1.05)

1.05(0.96-1.15)

0.3

$20,000-$39,999

33.2

1.10(1.01-1.19)

25.4

1.02(0.99-1.05)

1.08(0.99-1.18)

0.09

<$20,000

35.5

1.17(1.08-1.26)

29.0

1.04(1.02-1.07)

1.13(1.04-1.22)

<0.001

ARIA+

      

Major Cities

33.5

1

25.3

1

1

 

Inner Regional

32.8

0.90(0.87-0.94)

23.6

0.85(0.84-0.87)

1.06(1.01-1.10)

0.01

Outer regional/Remote

31.3

0.86(0.82-0.91)

22.7

0.77(0.76-0.79)

1.12(1.06-1.18)

<0.001

SEIFA IRSD (quintiles)

    

(least disadvantaged) 1

35.9

1

26.4

1

1

 

2

31.6

0.76(0.71-0.81)

23.1

0.87(0.85-0.89)

0.87(0.81-0.94)

<0.001

3

32.4

0.85(0.80-0.90)

24.1

0.81(0.80-0.83)

1.05(0.99-1.12)

0.1

4

32.7

0.78(0.74-0.83)

23.3

0.77(0.75-0.79)

1.01(0.95-1.08)

0.7

(most disadvantaged) 5

32.2

0.83(0.77-0.88)

23.9

0.80(0.78-0.82)

1.04(0.97-1.11)

0.3

Lifestyle risk factors

      

Current tobacco smoking status

    

Never smoked

30.9

1

23.2

1

1

 

Ex-smoker

35.6

1.14(1.10-1.19)

26.5

1.13(1.11-1.14)

1.01(0.96-1.05)

0.4

Current

29.6

1.16(1.07-1.25)

20.5

1.02(0.98-1.05)

1.14(1.04-1.24)

<0.001

Alcohol (standard drinks/ week)

    

0

33.6

1

25.6

1

1

 

1-6

31.5

0.91(0.87-0.96)

22.9

0.96(0.94-0.97)

0.95(0.90-1.00)

0.04

7-13

32.2

0.85(0.80-0.91)

23.4

0.90(0.88-0.92)

0.94(0.88-1.01)

0.11

14-20

33.6

0.93(0.86-1.00)

24.6

0.94(0.92-0.96)

0.99(0.91-1.07)

0.8

≥20

30.5

0.89(0.82-0.97)

23.8

0.92(0.89-0.95)

0.97(0.88-1.06)

0.5

BMI(kg/m2)

      

Normal weight (<25)

34.1

1

22.9

1

1

 

Over weight (25–29)

32.5

0.91(0.86-0.95)

24.3

1.05(1.03-1.07)

0.87(0.82-0.91)

<0.001

Obese (≥30)

32.2

1.06(1.01-1.12)

25.8

1.25(1.22-1.27)

0.85(0.80-0.90)

<0.001

Physical activity**

      

Sufficient

30.0

1

22.6

1

1

 

Insufficient

33.5

1.17(1.11-1.22)

25.8

1.20(1.17-1.22)

0.98(0.93-1.03)

0.3

Sedentary

41.9

1.38(1.31-1.46)

31.7

1.36(1.33-1.39)

1.01(0.96-1.08)

0.6

Health status

      

Number of chronic conditions

    

None

24.9

1

19.9

1

1

 

1

35.6

1.32(1.26-1.38)

27.1

1.30(1.27-1.32)

1.02(0.97-1.07)

0.5

2

40.0

1.56(1.48-1.65)

31.2

1.55(1.52-1.58)

1.01(0.95-1.07)

0.8

≥3

44.4

1.94(1.84-2.06)

38.0

1.85(1.80-1.90)

1.05(0.99-1.12)

0.1

Heart disease

      

No

29.7

1

22.6

1

1

 

Yes

43.0

1.34(1.29-1.40)

37.2

1.29(1.26-1.31)

1.04(0.99-1.09)

0.10

High blood pressure

      

No

31.7

1

22.5

1

1

 

Yes

34.2

1.05(1.01-1.09)

29.9

1.14(1.12-1.16)

0.92(0.88-0.96)

<0.001

Hyperlipidaemia

     

No

32.8

1

23.4

1

1

 

Yes

32.9

1.03(0.99-1.07)

29.1

1.10(1.08-1.12)

0.94(0.90-0.98)

<0.001

Depression

      

No

31.7

1

23.8

1

1

 

Yes

36.7

1.43(1.37-1.50)

26.9

1.36(1.33-1.38)

1.05(1.00-1.10)

0.04

Anxiety

      

No

32.1

1

24.0

1

1

 

Yes

36.6

1.45(1.38-1.53)

27.1

1.33(1.30-1.36)

1.09(1.03-1.15)

<0.001

Wellbeing

      

SF36 (level of limitation)

     

No (100)

22.0

1

16.8

1

1

 

Minor (90–99)

25.3

1.12(1.03-1.22)

21.0

1.25(1.22-1.28)

0.90(0.82-0.98)

0.01

Moderate (60–89)

32.7

1.67(1.55-1.80)

28.9

1.76(1.72-1.80)

0.95(0.88-1.03)

0.2

Severe (0.59)

43.8

2.31(2.15-2.49)

39.9

2.43(2.37-2.49)

0.95(0.88-1.03)

0.2

K-10(level of distress)

     

Low (10–15)

30.2

1

22.5

1

1

 

Moderate (16–21)

34.8

1.21(1.15-1.28)

24.6

1.22(1.19-1.25)

0.99(0.94-1.05)

0.8

High (22–29)

35.3

1.49(1.38-1.60)

26.8

1.39(1.35-1.44)

1.07(0.99-1.16)

0.09

Very high (30–50)

39.0

1.99(1.83-2.16)

31.2

1.83(1.75-1.91)

1.09(0.99-1.19)

0.08

Self-rated general health

     

Excellent/Very good

24.9

1

19.6

1

1

 

Good

31.2

1.35(1.27-1.43)

26.7

1.40(1.37-1.42)

0.96(0.91-1.02)

0.2

Fair/poor

40.6

1.98(1.87-2.10)

36.8

1.95(1.91-1.99)

1.02(0.96-1.08)

0.6

Self-rated quality of life

    

Excellent/Very good

27.3

1

20.9

1

1

 

Good

33.1

1.28(1.22-1.34)

27.5

1.27(1.25-1.29)

1.01(0.96-1.06)

0.8

Fair/poor

41.3

1.59(1.52-1.68)

34.8

1.69(1.65-1.73)

0.94(0.89-0.99)

0.03

  1. *Adjusted for age and gender;
  2. **Physical activity: Sufficient: > = 150 minutes of walking and > =5 sessions per week; Sedentary: no physical activity reported; and Insufficient: all other categories.
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