Table 5 Regression models’ results
| Â | All households | Households with OOP >0 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | 1A - 20% | 1A - 40% | 1B - 20% | 1B - 40% | 2A | 2B | 2C | 1A - 20% | 1A - 40% | 1B - 20% | 1B - 40% | 2A | 2B | 2C |
National level variables | ||||||||||||||
Per capita total health expenditure (PPP $) | -0.025 | 0.022 | 0.041 | -0.007 | -0.544***** | -0.497***** | 0.024 | 0.057 | 0.014 | 0.01 | -0.104 | -0.476**** | -0.425**** | 0.032 |
Government health expenditure over total government expenditure (%) | 0.310 | -1.648 | 0.036 | 0.05 | 10.289***** | 8.311** | 1.921 | 1.780 | 1.308 | 2.356 | 3.54 | 10.837** | 6.88 | 8.689** |
Gini coefficient | 0.747 | 1.446** | 1.704**** | 2.242***** | 3.355***** | 0.227 | 2.458*** | 1.360** | 1.686** | 1.288* | 2.118**** | 4.379**** | 0.767 | 2.933** |
Predominately tax-funded financing (0,1) | 0.176 | -0.046 | 0.069 | -0.285 | -0.296 | 0.251 | 0.178 | -0.052 | -0.191 | -0.062 | -0.11 | -0.212 | 0.849 | 0.61 |
Predominately mixed financing (0,1) | 0.103 | 0.179 | 0.019 | -0.211 | -0.642 | -0.011 | -0.717* | 0.031 | 0.048 | -0.05 | -0.071 | -0.628 | 0.757 | -0.822 |
Out-of-pocket payments as a share of total health expenditure (%) | 1.908***** | 2.504***** | 2.155***** | 2.823***** | 2.423***** | 2.457*** | 3.638***** | 2.000***** | 2.261***** | 2.671***** | 2.598***** | 1.98** | 1.798* | 3.44***** |
Household level variables | ||||||||||||||
Household member under 5 (0,1) | 0.208***** | 0.228***** | 0.170***** | 0.146***** | 0.408***** | 0.310***** | 0.216***** | -0.044 | 0.025 | -0.037 | 0.008 | 0.239***** | 0.205***** | 0.047 |
Household member over 60 (0,1) | 0.355***** | 0.364***** | 0.376***** | 0.378***** | 0.202***** | 0.276***** | 0.325***** | 0.329***** | 0.323***** | 0.356***** | 0.345***** | 0.162***** | 0.186***** | 0.252***** |
Household head with primary education (0,1) | -0.007 | -0.135***** | -0.070**** | -0.193***** | -0.055 | -0.063 | -0.103*** | -0.137***** | -0.251***** | -0.151***** | -0.251***** | -0.174***** | -0.142***** | -0.188***** |
Household head with secondary or higher education (0,1) | -0.174***** | -0.381***** | -0.217***** | -0.397***** | -0.227** | -0.233**** | -0.298***** | -0.305***** | -0.493***** | -0.338***** | -0.491***** | -0.325***** | -0.309***** | -0.376***** |
Male household head (0,1) | -0.064**** | -0.060** | -0.064**** | -0.058** | 0.068 | 0.090*** | -0.081* | -0.133***** | -0.095***** | -0.12***** | -0.085**** | 0.044 | 0.059* | -0.134**** |
Urban residence (0,1) | -0.167***** | -0.316***** | -0.231***** | -0.348***** | -0.361***** | -0.299***** | -0.304***** | -0.186***** | -0.333***** | -0.2***** | -0.33***** | -0.394***** | -0.31***** | -0.289***** |
Insurance coverage reported (0,1) | -0.105*** | -0.197***** | -0.134**** | -0.232***** | -0.642***** | -0.319***** | -0.236*** | -0.130***** | -0.198***** | -0.141***** | -0.206***** | -0.514***** | -0.3***** | -0.22** |
Disabled household member (0,1) | 0.554***** | 0.549***** | 0.496***** | 0.437***** | 0.537***** | 0.590***** | 0.504***** | 0.311***** | 0.322***** | 0.298***** | 0.283***** | 0.318***** | 0.397***** | 0.28***** |
Quintile 2 (0,1) | 0.189***** | 0.099*** | -0.015 | -0.147**** | 0.061 | 0.473 | 3.773***** | -0.335***** | -0.301***** | -0.289***** | -0.259***** | -0.417 | 0.285 | 3.21***** |
Quintile 3 (0,1) | 0.146** | 0.011 | -0.003 | -0.153** | -0.089 | 0.707 | 4.683***** | -0.660***** | -0.579***** | -0.437***** | -0.355***** | -0.581 | 0.448 | 4.087***** |
Quintile 4 (0,1) | 0.055 | -0.117** | 0.046 | -0.106 | -0.218 | 1.181* | 3.667***** | -1.030***** | -0.883***** | -0.572***** | -0.401***** | -0.763 | 0.773 | 2.921***** |
Quintile 5 (0,1) | 0.060 | 0.088 | 0.097 | 0.063 | -0.401 | 1.207* | 3.064***** | -1.210***** | -0.794***** | -0.697***** | -0.318***** | -1.113** | 0.618 | 2.121*** |