Table 1 Summary of Constructs and Variables

Hospital nursing personnel transfer among departments of different functions or different units of the same department without promotion or salary adjustment.

Campion et al. (1994) & Anil and Brian (2004)

Insufficient information about work objectives to be completed and the uncertainty of others' expectations toward an individual and the results generated after objectives have been accomplished.

Kahn et al. (1964), Piko (2006), & Van Sell, Brief, and Schuler (1981)

Under the conditions of an individual's time, resources, capability, or value, it (role conflict) may take place if the conditions are inconsistent with the standards, criteria, and expectations set by role senders.

Psychological burden that is formed when a role sender has overly high requirement and expectations for a role recipient's job, which exceeds what the role recipient is capable of, from a legitimated position.

The opportunities to demonstrate abilities, sense of achievement obtained from work, ethical values of the work, opportunities to provide services.

Judge and Bono (2001) & Best and Thurston (2004)

Job content, salary, unobstructed channels for promotion, work environment and equipment.

Strong beliefs in and acceptance of the organizational objectives and values.

Porter et al. (1974) & Trimble (2006)

Willingness to dedicate more efforts for the organizational benefits.

Willingness to stay in the organization as a member of the organization.