Variables (number of questions) | Example Item(s) |
---|---|
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) | |
Behavioural intention (3 & 4). Two summary scores: sum of three and four items | I intend to manage patients with URTIs without prescribing an antibiotic (scored 1 to 7) Given 10 patients presenting for the first time with an URTI, how many patients would you intend to manage without prescribing an antibiotic? (Scored 1 to 10) |
Attitude: Direct (3); Indirect (8 behavioural beliefs (bb) multiplied by 8 outcome evaluations (oe). The score was the mean of the summed multiplicatives.) | Direct: In general: The benefits of managing patients with URTI without prescribing antibiotics outweighs the harms; Indirect: In general, managing a patient with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic would reassure them (bb) × reassuring the patient is (oe: un/important) |
Subjective Norm: I (5 normative beliefs (nb) multiplied by 5 motivation to comply (mtc) items. The score was the mean of the summed multiplicatives). | I feel under pressure to manage patients with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic: from published literature (nb) × How motivated are you to do what the published literature states that you should (mtc: very much/not at all) |
Perceived Behavioural Control: Direct (4) Indirect (6) | Direct: Whether I manage patients with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic is entirely up to me Indirect: I find it difficult to manage patients presenting with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic who: Expect me to prescribe an antibiotic |
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura,1997) | |
Risk Perception (3) | It is highly likely that patients with an URTI will be worse off if I manage them without prescribing an antibiotic. |
Outcome Expectancies: Behaviour (8 × 8) The score was the mean of the summed multiplicatives. | Behaviour: See Attitude (Theory of Planned Behaviour) |
Self Efficacy: Specific (6) | Specific: Without an antibiotic: How confident are you in your ability to manage patients with URTIs who have tried to self-medicate |
Operant Learning Theory (OLT)[16] | |
Anticipated consequences (3) | If I routinely manage patients with URTIs without prescribing an antibiotic then, on balance, my life as a GP will be easier in the long run |
Evidence of habit (2) | When I see patients with URTIs, I automatically consider managing them without prescribing an antibiotic |
Additional measures | |
Implementation Intention (Gollwitzer, 1993) | |
Prior planning (1) | Currently, my standard method of managing patients with an URTI involves managing them without prescribing an antibiotic |
Action planning (3) | I have a clear plan of how to manage patients with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic I have a clear plan of when to manage patients with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic I have a clear plan of under what circumstances to manage patients with an URTI without prescribing an antibiotic |
Other Measures | |
Demographics | gender, years qualified, trainer status, single or multi-practitioner practice |