Table 3 Two-part models of general practitioner, specialist, and hospital services

Logistic

Zero-truncated negative binomial

Logistic

Zero-truncated negative binomial

Logistic

Zero-truncated negative binomial

Variable

OR

IRR

OR

IRR

OR

IRR

Age

***

***

***

***

***

***

   20–24

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   25–29

1.18

1.01

0.97

1.31 **

1.06

0.92

   30–34

0.89

0.89 **

1.04

1.14

0.89

1.04

   35–39

0.73 **

0.83 ***

0.83 *

1.06

0.72 **

1.17

   40–44

0.72 ***

0.76 ***

0.73 ***

1.01

0.62 ***

0.96

   45–49

0.68 ***

0.75 ***

0.76 **

0.86

0.58 ***

1.26

   50–54

0.80 *

0.76 ***

0.82 *

0.86

0.59 ***

1.62 **

   55–59

0.81 *

0.72 ***

0.77 **

0.78 **

0.68 **

1.67 **

   60–64

0.79 *

0.68 ***

0.72 ***

0.85 *

0.71 **

1.45 *

   65–69

0.73 *

0.56 ***

0.45 ***

0.60 ***

1.02

2.02 **

   70–74

0.88

0.53 ***

0.43 ***

0.51 ***

0.92

2.33 ***

   75–79

0.81

0.58 ***

0.43 ***

0.52 ***

1.07

2.29 ***

   80+

0.96

0.61 ***

0.27 ***

0.46 ***

1.18

2.73 ***

Sex

0.35 ***

0.74 ***

0.44 ***

1.00

0.67 **

1.20

Sex × age^^

***

***

***

*

***

Minority

1.26 ***

1.14 ***

0.95

0.73 ***

0.76 ***

0.90

Education

*

***

***

   Post-secondary graduate

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Secondary graduate

0.99

1.04 **

0.91 ***

0.98

1.01

0.98

   Less than secondary education

0.90 **

1.08 ***

0.74 ***

0.91 *

1.05

0.96

   Currently in school

1.10

0.92

1.03

1.09

0.74

1.58

   Missing

1.01

1.07

0.86

0.95

1.01

1.18

Home ownership

***

***

**

*

   Own the dwelling

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Do not own the dwelling

0.96

1.08 ***

0.99

1.15 ***

1.14 **

1.13 **

   Missing

0.70

1.02

0.82

0.82

1.37

1.00

Household income

***

**

***

*

   Highest

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Upper middle

0.93 *

1.06 **

0.87 ***

0.98

0.97

1.07

   Middle

0.83 ***

1.06 **

0.79 ***

0.92

0.94

1.17 *

   Lower middle

0.79 ***

1.11 ***

0.76 ***

0.90

0.93

1.25 **

   Lowest

0.70 ***

1.12 **

0.67 ***

0.97

1.06

1.29 *

   Missing

0.87 **

1.05

0.83 **

0.96

0.95

1.21 *

Self-help group participation^

1.30 **

1.18 ***

1.36 ***

1.28 ***

1.34 ***

1.41 ***

Sense of belonging to community

**

   Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   No

0.88 ***

0.97 *

0.96

1.01

0.94

1.04

   Missing

0.64 **

0.91

0.91

0.80

1.00

0.86

Health Utilities Index

0.95

0.93 ***

0.91 **

0.91 *

1.04

0.99

Self-perceived health

***

***

***

***

***

***

   Excellent

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Very good

1.21 ***

1.21 ***

1.17 ***

1.19 ***

1.00

1.10

   Good

1.25 ***

1.53 ***

1.38 ***

1.44 ***

1.39 ***

1.36 ***

   Fair or poor

1.51 ***

2.00 ***

1.81 ***

1.87 ***

1.99 ***

1.80 ***

   Missing

0.82

1.54 *

0.62

0.99

4.11 *

1.36

Stress

***

***

***

   Not at all or not very stressed

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   A bit stressed

1.07 *

1.03

1.02

1.00

0.90 **

0.92

   Quite a bit or extremely stressed

1.16 ***

1.10 ***

1.05

1.06

0.94

0.92 ***

   Missing

1.31

0.99

0.93

1.34

0.76

1.45 *

Depression

***

***

***

***

***

***

   0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   1

0.96

1.17 **

1.10

1.05

1.19

0.93

   2

1.33 ***

1.30 ***

1.31 ***

1.44 ***

1.34 ***

1.32 ***

   3

1.92 ***

1.47 ***

1.56 ***

1.74 ***

1.73 ***

1.34 **

   4

1.91 ***

1.78 ***

1.61 ***

2.03 ***

2.67 ***

1.98 ***

   Missing

0.90

1.19 ***

1.13

1.39 ***

1.43 **

1.03

ADL

**

***

***

***

***

*

   No limitation

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Sometimes

0.98

1.08 ***

1.11 **

1.13 **

0.94

0.93

   Often

1.19 **

1.17 ***

1.35 ***

1.20 ***

1.19 **

1.07

IADL

***

***

***

***

***

***

   No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Yes

1.36 ***

1.35 ***

1.41 ***

1.40 ***

1.83 ***

1.50 **

   Missing

1.76

1.09

1.42

1.35

1.52

1.22

Birth^

1.06

1.53 ***

1.24 ***

2.11 ***

5.26 ***

1.03

Injury^

2.30 ***

1.29 ***

1.43 ***

1.11 **

1.75 ***

1.09

Injury × age^^

**

***

Number of chronic conditions

***

***

***

**

**

*

   0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00 **

1.00

1.00

   1

1.52 ***

1.32 ***

1.67 ***

1.17 **

1.41 ***

1.20 **

   2

2.05 ***

1.57 ***

2.29 ***

1.20 **

1.48 ***

1.27 **

   3

2.44 ***

1.73 ***

2.67 ***

1.26 ***

1.56 ***

1.33 **

   4+

2.72 ***

1.83 ***

3.47 ***

1.48 ***

1.50 ***

1.31 **

   Missing

1.04

1.74 ***

2.16 ***

1.20

1.41 *

1.32

Food allergies^

0.86 *

0.93 **

0.84 ***

0.95

0.95

1.00

Other allergies^

0.91 *

0.93 ***

0.86

0.97

0.96

0.92 *

Other allergies × age^^

***

Asthma^

1.10

1.04 *

0.90 **

0.97

1.13 *

0.97

Arthritis^

1.19 ***

1.01

1.00

0.93 *

0.98

0.85 ***

High blood pressure^

1.94 ***

1.20 ***

0.85 ***

0.91

1.12 *

0.57

High blood pressure × age^^

**

Migraine^

0.87

1.08 **

0.89 **

0.94

0.99

0.84 **

Migraine × age^^

***

Urinary incontinence^

1.07

0.93 *

1.13 *

0.92

1.14

1.13 *

Urinary incontinence × age^^

Diabetes^

1.35 **

1.20

1.02

1.08

8.71 ***

1.10

Diabetes × age^^

**

***

Chronic bronchitis^

1.12

0.99

0.84 **

0.95

1.19 **

1.04

Heart disease^

1.37 ***

1.13 ***

1.60 ***

0.93

1.91 ***

0.20 **

Heart disease × age^^

**

Cancer^

0.26

1.20 ***

3.53 ***

1.64

2.46

0.45

Cancer × age^^

***

**

***

***

Stomach or intestinal ulcers^

1.17

1.10 **

1.77 *

0.88 *

1.15

0.92

Stomach or intestinal ulcers × age^^

**

Bowel disorders^

1.37 *

1.10

1.49 ***

1.05

1.34 ***

3.55 ***

Bowel disorders × age^^

***

Eye problem^

0.76 **

0.90 ***

0.84 ***

1.00

0.96

0.31 **

Eye problem × age^^

**

Thyroid condition^

1.63 ***

1.06 *

1.07

0.98

0.92

0.87

Epilepsy^

1.14

0.99

1.15

1.12

1.34

1.16

Epilepsy × age^^

***

Chronic fatigue syndrome^

0.93

1.05

0.94

0.98

0.84 *

1.18

Chronic fatigue syndrome × age^^

**

Stroke^

2.17

0.54

0.80 *

0.99

1.34 **

1.42 ***

Stroke × age^^

**

**

Overweight

***

**

***

*

   Underweight or acceptable weight

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Overweight

1.06 *

1.03 *

0.99

1.00

1.02

1.03

   Missing

0.97

1.33 ***

1.22 **

1.34 ***

0.78 *

0.90

Smoking

***

***

   Never smoked

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Former smoker

1.04

1.02

1.14 ***

1.01

1.09

1.05

   Current smoker

0.77 ***

1.00

0.90 **

0.98

0.98

1.07

   Missing

1.03

0.88

0.91

0.93

1.24

0.65

Drinking

**

***

***

***

***

   Not regular drinker

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Regular drinker

1.09 **

0.89 ***

1.04

0.85 ***

0.74 ***

0.97 ***

   Missing

1.43 *

0.81 *

0.97

1.37

1.33

0.91

Physical activity

**

**

***

   Active

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Moderate or inactive

1.08 *

1.06 ***

1.04

1.05

1.18 ***

0.99

   Missing

1.51 **

1.12

1.10

1.33

1.27

1.38

Fruit and vegetable consumption

**

***

***

*

   5+ servings a day

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Less than 5 servings a day

0.94 *

0.92 ***

0.88 ***

0.97

0.91 **

0.97

   Missing

0.75 **

0.88 *

0.78 *

0.96

0.79

0.78

Alternative health care^

1.43 ***

1.20 ***

1.28 ***

1.11 **

0.92

1.00

Province of residence

**

**

***

**

**

**

   ON

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

   NF

1.59 ***

1.20 ***

1.04

0.92

1.29 **

1.22 *

   PEI

1.05

0.93 *

0.88 *

0.97

1.48 ***

1.27 **

   NS

1.00

1.03

0.91 *

0.80 ***

1.02

1.06

   NB

1.23 ***

0.90 ***

1.02

0.71 ***

1.40 ***

1.34 ***

   QC

0.66 ***

0.74 ***

1.50 ***

0.80 ***

1.34 ***

0.96

   MB

0.84 ***

0.99

0.90 *

1.02

1.18 *

1.08

   SK

1.12 *

1.06 *

0.79 ***

0.81 **

1.38 ***

1.00

   AL

0.92 *

1.08 **

0.71 ***

0.87 **

1.17 **

1.05

   BC

1.03

1.14 ***

0.75 ***

1.03

1.05

1.03

α

0.95

2.99

1.64

n

110923

89151

111087

31819

111104

11291

Pseudo-R square

0.12

0.11

0.15

Log likelihood

-49891.01

-38209980

-60018.27

-11517957

-27813.50

-5128804.50

Wald chi-square~

4847.42 ***

13954.43 ***

6072.91 ***

2619.61 ***

5297.16 ***

2795.83 ***