Table 1 Four Health Care Systems: WHO and OECD data
From: Physicians' views on resource availability and equity in four European health care systems
Per capita expenditure on health carea | Italy | Norway | Switzerland | UK |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (2002 US $) | 2,166 | 3,409 | 3,446 | 2,160 |
Public (2002 US $) | 1,639 | 2,845 | 1,995 | 1,801 |
Out of pocket (2002 US$) | 440 | 546 | 1,085 | 200 |
Proportion of expenditure on health carea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Social security | 0.1% | 0% | 40% | 0% |
Other public | 75.5% | 83.5% | 17.9% | 83.4% |
Pre-paid plan | 1% | 0% | 9.6% | 3% |
Out of pocket | 20.3% | 16% | 31.4% | 9.2% |
Other private | 3% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 4.3% |
Beds, physicians, nursesb | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Acute care beds/1000 p. | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.7 |
Nursing home beds/1000 p. | 2.7 | 9.1 | 11.6 | 3.1 |
Nurses/1000 pop. | 5.4 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 9.7 |
Physicians/1000 pop. | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 2.2 |
Elements of health policy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Universal coverage | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Freedom to choose general physician | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Gatekeeping for specialist consultation | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
WHO assessment of equityc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Fairness of financial contribution to health system | 0.961 | 0.977 | 0.964 | 0.977 |
Distribution of responsiveness | 0.995 | 0.995 | 0.995 | 0.995 |