From: Predictors of opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain: a prospective cohort study
 | Non-Misusers | Misusers | p-value | RR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 54 | 48 | < 0.001 | Â |
% Male | 38 | 59.7 | 0.005 | 1.56 (1.16 – 2.11) |
CES-D | 22.5 | 26.0 | 0.080 | Â |
PDI | 45.1 | 45.6 | 0.838 | Â |
REALM | 50.7 | 53.5 | 0.492 | Â |
% Current Smoker | 50 | 71 | 0.007 | 1.41 (1.12 – 1.79) |
% History of Ethanol Abuse | 23 | 44 | 0.004 | 1.95 (1.25 – 3.03) |
% History of Cocaine Abuse | 21 | 68 | < 0.001 | 3.30 (2.17 – 4.99) |
% Positive Urine Cannabinoids | 12 | 33 | 0.001 | 2.70 (1.5 – 4.85) |
% Multiple Drug Convictions | 1 | 11 | 0.001 | 15.13 (1.90 – 120) |
% Drug or DUI Convictions | 11 | 40 | 0.001 | 3.60 (2.05 – 6.34) |