Surveillance design steps | Risk assessment steps | Epidemiological contributions | Examples | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selection of disease or agent | Hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, consequence assessment | Case reporting, outbreak investigations, systematic review | Selection of diseases based on economic significance for producers, selection of zoonotic agents based on public health significance | Paige et al., 1999; Stärk et al., 2000; Breidenbach et al., 2004; Brülisauer et al., 2004 |
Sampling | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Selection of strata | Exposure assessment, consequence assessment, risk factors | Risk factor studies, models for population attributable risk, meta analyses | Age strata, spatial strata (regions), product types, products from certain producers | Doherr et al., 2001; Morignat et al., 2002; Breidenbach et al., 2004; Brülisauer et al., 2004 |
   Selection of units | Not applicable (random selection) |  |  |  |
Sample size | Release assessment | Random non-risk-based surveys, cross-sectional studies | Repeated surveys, confidence in disease freedom after defined time periods | Hadorn et al., 2002a |