Skip to main content

Table 1 Steps in the design of veterinary or food safety surveillance programmes, the possible application of risk assessment steps to obtain risk-based surveillance programmes and the epidemiological contributions providing the basis for risk assessments

From: Concepts for risk-based surveillance in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary public health: Review of current approaches

Surveillance design steps

Risk assessment steps

Epidemiological contributions

Examples

References

Selection of disease or agent

Hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, consequence assessment

Case reporting, outbreak investigations, systematic review

Selection of diseases based on economic significance for producers, selection of zoonotic agents based on public health significance

Paige et al., 1999; Stärk et al., 2000; Breidenbach et al., 2004; Brülisauer et al., 2004

Sampling

    

   Selection of strata

Exposure assessment, consequence assessment, risk factors

Risk factor studies, models for population attributable risk, meta analyses

Age strata, spatial strata (regions), product types, products from certain producers

Doherr et al., 2001; Morignat et al., 2002; Breidenbach et al., 2004; Brülisauer et al., 2004

   Selection of units

Not applicable (random selection)

   

Sample size

Release assessment

Random non-risk-based surveys, cross-sectional studies

Repeated surveys, confidence in disease freedom after defined time periods

Hadorn et al., 2002a