Impact of a fixed price system on the supply of institutional long-term care: a comparative study of Japanese and German metropolitan areas

Table 3 Summary statistics for equation 3 * comparing 56 municipalities in Tokyo and 54 municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)

*Variables*	*IF in Tokyo*		*IF in NRW*
	Mean	(Standard deviation)	Mean	(Standard deviation)
*Dependent variables*
Change in bed-density^a	-0.95	(9.56)	-0.64	(5.89)
*Explanatory variables*
Costs/cost relevant
Average size of new facilities (beds)	95.54	(26.98)	89.7	(67.55)
LTA land price for T (¥1000 s)/LTA rent-level for N	341.03	(285.98)	3.11	(1.02)
LTA wage of elderly care nurse for T (¥1000 s)/LTA duration for care nurse search for N^b (days)	205.05	(8.92)	54.3	(15.08)
Need
LTA percent elderly^c needing LTC	15.70	(1.94)	14.5	(1.87)
LTA growth rate of elderly^c needing LTC	7.01	(2.21)	2.89	(5.24)
Profit/political intervention (control variables)
Initial bed-density^a of IF	32.21	(43.59)	48.3	(8.79)
LTA bed-density^a of PNH	3.95	(4.11)	-	-
Density^a of subsidized beds	1.45	(2.94)	-	-
Demand (control variables)
LTA percent elderly^c	18.12	(4.46)	18	(1.50)
LTA growth rate of elderly^c	4.16	(1.95)	2.04	(0.76)
LTA residential tax for T (¥1000 s)/LTA disposable income for N (€1000 s)	117.63	(64.52)	17.7	(1.72)
N	46-56		50-54

^aBed density: number of beds per 1000 elderly adults aged 65 years and over.
^bVacancy duration for search of skilled care: time taken for an employer to find a skilled elderly care nurse.
^cElderly persons: those aged 65 years and over.
*Equation 3. Supply under LTCI: ΔBDi = βBDi0 + βXi + βYi + βZi + α + e. ΔBid: change in bed density between the year shortly after LTCI introduction and the recent year in municipality i; BDi0: bed-density shortly before introducing LTCI in municipality i; β: coefficients; α: constant; e: error with zero mean; X: variables for costs; Y: variables for need; Z: control variables.

ISSN: 1472-6963