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Table 3 Background on the implementation of the selected initiatives

From: Diabetes self-management arrangements in Europe: a realist review to facilitate a project implemented in six countries

Initiative

Country

Background information

Diabetic Retinopathy Screening

UK

Political commitment to an all-Wales screening service [14, 62].

DAFNE

UK

Multicentre trial under Diabetes UK, based on programme developed by a German group [15, 17].

LAY

UK

The philosophy and push came from the Long Term Condition Alliance. Signed up to the US scheme of LTCM [25, 63, 64].

Portsmouth Primary Care Trust

UK

Started outside governmental knowledge on EPP, in collaboration with Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust [28].

UCL-DSMP

UK

University-run trial [29].

Librae

UK

Model with the intention to enter routine clinical practice [30].

Diabetes Manual

UK

University-developed package [32, 65].

DESMOND

UK

Collaborative of NHS organisations, co-ordinating centre hosted by University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust [41, 66].

X-PERT

UK

Variant on the DESMOND programme, local factors implicated [44].

BITES

UK

Variant on the DAFNE programme, university funded [45].

Diabetes Virtual Clinic

UK

Pilot study, internally university funded [48, 50].

Birmingham Own Health

UK

Sponsored in part by the private sector in a mixed model of health economy [2, 67].

Whole Systems Model

UK

WISE, funded by National Institute for Health Research and National Primary Care Research and Development centre [12].

CBGT

Netherlands

Study funded by pharmaceutical funding [52].

Theory-driven Intervention

Netherlands

Intervention developed locally. Philosophy came from US scheme [54, 64].

Di@log

Netherlands

Trial funded by pharmaceutical funding [55].

Diabetes Coach

Netherlands

Study supported by local primary healthcare foundation and home care organisation [56].

DIEP.info

Netherlands

University-run local programme [57].

Diabetes Self-Management Education

Norway

Supported by state-owned authorities [59].

eHealth

Spain

Partially funded by the European Commission, under the 7th Framework Programme [60].

DEPB

Bulgaria

Implemented by the Ministry of Health of Bulgaria [7].