Table 4 Relationship of health-related outcomes to the Patient Activation Measure (PAM)

Life-style and self-management

Smoking status (ref: yes)

PAM level 2

-0.29

0.21

0.158

PAM level 3

0.17

0.19

0.351

PAM level 4

-0.12

0.21

0.559

Self-checking blood glucose level (ref: no)

PAM level 2

0.20

0.17

0.225

PAM level 3

0.30

0.16

0.059

PAM level 4

0.27

0.17

0.113

Self-perceived knowledge

Knowledge of type of diabetes (ref: no)

PAM level 2

0.78

0.22

<0.001

PAM level 3

0.50

0.19

0.010

PAM level 4

0.64

0.22

0.004

Knowledge about side-effects of medicines

PAM level 2

0.66

0.17

<0.001

PAM level 3

0.85

0.16

<0.001

PAM level 4

1.20

0.18

<0.001

Knowledge about what to do when blood glucose level is too high

PAM level 2

0.33

0.14

0.022

PAM level 3

0.62

0.14

<0.001

PAM level 4

0.83

0.15

<0.001

Healthcare utilization

Blood sample to check HbA1C over 12 months ago or never (ref: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-0.20

0.51

0.697

PAM level 3

0.09

0.45

0.835

PAM level 4

0.11

0.50

0.824

Blood sample to check HbA1C unknown (ref: withinthe past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-0.09

0.41

0.823

PAM level 3

0.24

0.37

0.508

PAM level 4

-0.09

0.45

0.850

Blood sample to check cholesterol level over 12 months ago or never (ref: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

0.09

0.29

0.767

PAM level 3

-0.04

0.29

0.896

PAM level 4

-0.09

0.32

0.784

Blood sample to check cholesterol level unknown (ref group: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-0.68

0.41

0.102

PAM level 3

-0.45

0.37

0.221

PAM level 4

-0.75

0.46

0.107

Blood pressure measurement by healthcare provider over 12 months ago or never (ref: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-0.77

0.56

0.174

PAM level 3

-0.46

0.49

0.346

PAM level 4

-0.32

0.50

0.524

Blood pressure measurement by healthcare provider unknown (ref: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-16.00

1822.19

0.993

PAM level 3

-0.23

0.89

0.792

PAM level 4

-15.90

1734.41

0.993

Feet check by doctor over 12 months ago or never (ref: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-0.44

0.20

0.025

PAM level 3

-0.29

0.18

0.105

PAM level 4

-0.58

0.21

0.005

Feet check by doctor unknown (ref: within the past 12 months)

PAM level 2

-0.27

0.64

0.669

PAM level 3

-0.12

0.58

0.838

PAM level 4

-0.83

0.74

0.262

Eye examination over 24 months ago or never (ref: within the past 24 months)

PAM level 2

-0.54

0.32

0.089

PAM level 3

-0.28

0.28

0.329

PAM level 4

-1.11

0.38

0.003

Eye examination unknown (ref: within the past 24 months)

PAM level 2

0.70

0.76

0.361

PAM level 3

-0.49

0.94

0.605

PAM level 4

-13.75

614.57

0.982

Self-reported clinical values

Level of blood glucose between 7%- 9% (ref: between 2%-7%)

PAM level 2

-0.28

0.20

0.152

PAM level 3

-0.30

0.19

0.104

PAM level 4

-0.28

0.20

0.161

Level of blood glucose between 9%- 24% (ref: between 2%-7%)

PAM level 2

-0.44

0.39

0.261

PAM level 3

-0.69

0.40

0.080

PAM level 4

-0.30

0.40

0.447

Level of blood glucose unknown (ref: between 2%-7%)

PAM level 2

-0.40

0.20

0.047

PAM level 3

-0.45

0.19

0.018

PAM level 4

-0.75

0.22

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure 90 or higher (ref: lower than 90)

PAM level 2

-0.27

0.23

0.236

PAM level 3

-0.24

0.22

0.293

PAM level 4

-0.46

0.25

0.061

Diastolic blood pressure unknown (ref: lower than 90)

PAM level 2

-0.74

0.22

0.001

PAM level 3

-0.45

0.20

0.028

PAM level 4

-0.99

0.24

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure 140 or higher (ref: lower than 140)

PAM level 2

-0.06

0.18

0.745

PAM level 3

0.07

0.17

0.675

PAM level 4

-0.19

0.18

0.303

Systolic blood pressure unknown (ref: lower than 140)

PAM level 2

-0.66

0.24

0.006

PAM level 3

-0.47

0.22

0.034

PAM level 4

-0.72

0.25

0.004