|  | n | % | Tokyo % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics of care managers (n = 48) |  |  |  | |
Age (years) | 20–29 | 1 | 2.1 |  |
 | 30–39 | 13 | 27.7 |  |
 | 40–49 | 10 | 21.3 |  |
 | 50–59 | 19 | 40.4 |  |
 | 60 and over | 4 | 8.5 |  |
Gender | Female | 37 | 90.2 | Â |
Long-term care work experience facility/hospital | None | 17 | 37.8 | Â |
Facility | 13 | 28.9 | Â | |
Hospital | 15 | 33.3 | Â | |
Professional background | Healthcare | 7 | 15.2 | Â |
 | Non-healthcare | 39 | 84.8 |  |
Years of experience in profession, mean ± SD |  | 12.0 ± 4.9 |  | |
Years of working as care manager, mean ± SD |  | 4.9 ± 3.0 |  | |
Characteristics of Clients (n = 983) |  |  |  | |
Age (years), mean ± SD |  | 80.0 ± 9.9 |  | |
Gender | Female | 622 | 64.1 | Â |
Care need level | 1 | 280 | 28.5 | 29.3 |
 | 2 | 278 | 28.3 | 30.1 |
 | 3 | 163 | 16.6 | 18.0 |
 | 4 | 137 | 13.9 | 12.8 |
 | 5 | 125 | 12.7 | 9.8 |
Diagnosis | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cerebrovascular disease |  | 298 | 30.3 |  |
 Dementia |  | 271 | 27.6 |  |
 Diabetes |  | 159 | 16.2 |  |
 Arthritis |  | 118 | 12.0 |  |
 Fracture |  | 133 | 13.5 |  |
 Cardiac disease |  | 131 | 13.3 |  |
 Cancer |  | 71 | 7.2 |  |
Living with family | Â | 700 | 79.5 | Â |
Relationship with caregiver | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Child or his/her spouse |  | 538 | 58.8 |  |
 Spouse |  | 308 | 33.7 |  |
 Other |  | 69 | 7.5 |  |
Economic status | Poverty | 34 | 3.7 | Â |
Physical status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ADLa mean ± SD |  | 1.6 ± 1.8 |  | |
 Independent |  | 430 | 43.7 |  |
 Supervision |  | 166 | 16.9 |  |
 Limited |  | 111 | 11.3 |  |
 Extensive |  | 77 | 7.8 |  |
 Maximal |  | 87 | 8.9 |  |
 Dependent |  | 84 | 8.5 |  |
 Total Dependent |  | 28 | 2.8 |  |
Difficulty swallowing | Â | 211 | 22.0 | Â |
Urinary incontinence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Once or less/week |  | 680 | 70.5 |  |
 Twice or more/week |  | 284 | 29.5 |  |
Fecal incontinence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None |  | 768 | 80.0 |  |
 Once or more/week |  | 192 | 20.0 |  |
Painb | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No pain |  | 487 | 51.5 |  |
 Mild pain |  | 204 | 21.6 |  |
 Moderate pain |  | 208 | 22.0 |  |
 Excruciating pain |  | 47 | 5.0 |  |
Fall (past 90Â days) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None |  | 723 | 79.2 |  |
 Once or more |  | 190 | 20.8 |  |
Pressure ulcer | Â | 41 | 4.3 | Â |
Psychological status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cognitive functionc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Intact to mild disabilities |  | 626 | 64.6 |  |
 Moderate to severe disabilities |  | 343 | 35.4 |  |
Depressiond | Â | 93 | 9.5 | Â |
Service use in home care | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Assistive devices |  | 630 | 64.1 | 60.9 |
 Day care |  | 570 | 58.0 | 60.3 |
 Home helper |  | 512 | 52.1 | 52.2 |
 Visiting nurse |  | 160 | 16.3 | 18.7 |
 Short-stay respite care |  | 156 | 15.9 | 11.6 |
 Bathing |  | 114 | 11.6 | 6.0 |
 Home rehabilitation |  | 24 | 2.4 | 3.2 |