| Unadjusted analysis | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||||
Hospital case volume (vs. high) | Â | Â | Â | |||||||||
Very low | 1.48 | 1.04 | 2.10 | 0.03 | 1.12 | 0.90 | 1.38 | 0.32 | 1.02 | 0.79 | 1.31 | 0.88 |
Low | 1.39 | 0.98 | 1.96 | 0.06 | 1.03 | 0.83 | 1.27 | 0.80 | 1.13 | 0.88 | 1.46 | 0.34 |
Medium | 1.32 | 0.92 | 1.90 | 0.13 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.33 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 0.80 | 1.32 | 0.83 |
Age (year) (vs. 55–64) |  |  |  | |||||||||
18–44 |  | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.58 | <.001 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.67 | <.001 | |||
45–54 |  | 1.24 | 0.96 | 1.61 | 0.10 | 1.30 | 0.98 | 1.73 | 0.07 | |||
Charlson comorbidity index (vs. 0) | Â | Â | Â | |||||||||
1 or 2 | Â | 1.46 | 1.05 | 2.04 | 0.03 | 1.35 | 0.93 | 1.97 | 0.11 | |||
3–6 |  | 3.00 | 2.03 | 4.43 | <.001 | 2.59 | 1.63 | 4.09 | <.001 | |||
7 and above | Â | 10.37 | 6.49 | 16.57 | <.001 | 11.04 | 6.25 | 19.49 | <.001 | |||
Female (vs. male) | Â | 1.63 | 1.24 | 2.15 | <.001 | 1.38 | 1.02 | 1.87 | 0.04 | |||
Referred from clinics/other hospitals (vs. not) | Â | 0.97 | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 0.88 | 1.63 | 0.61 | |||
Academic hospital (vs. non-academic) | Â | 1.13 | 0.83 | 1.56 | 0.44 | 1.06 | 0.86 | 1.31 | 0.58 | |||
Severity indices | Â | Â | Â | |||||||||
BUN ≥21 mg/dL or signs of dehydration |  |  | 2.44 | 1.80 | 3.31 | <.001 | ||||||
SpO2 ≤ 90% (or ≤ PaO2 60 Torr) |  |  | 2.26 | 1.61 | 3.16 | <.001 | ||||||
Presence of cognitive disturbance | Â | Â | 5.85 | 4.18 | 8.18 | <.001 | ||||||
Systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg |  |  | 2.83 | 1.97 | 4.07 | <.001 |