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Table 5 Explanative models for WTP/QALY (estimated by the utilities function)

From: Willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life year: an evaluation of attitudes towards risk and preferences

  

Model 3. Quality of life below the median

Model 4. Quality of life above the median

 

Variable

Coefficient (95% CI)

Coefficient (95% CI)

Fixed effects

High income area

0.299 (-0.265–0.864)

0.709 (0.1989–1.219)

Age

-0.013 (-0.032–0.006)

-0.017 (-0.033– -0.001)

Female

-0.956 (-1.486– -0.426)

-0.285 (-0.762–0.193)

High education level

0.801 (0.100–1.501)

0.465 (-0.102–1.032)

Another insurance

1.292 (0.524–2.060)

0.407 (-0.276–1.090)

Adjusted family income (€1,000)

0.659 (-0.004–1.322)

0.667 (0.158–1.177)

Family members

0.025 (-0.159–0.210)

0.204 (0.045–0.362)

Doctor consultations/year

0.026 (0.005–0.046)

0.031 (0.010–0.051)

Tobacco consumption

-0.925 (-1.655– -0.195)

-0.067 (-0.656–0.523)

Alcohol consumption

0.748(-0.877–2.374)

1.124 (0.068–2.181)

Other drug consumption

4.654 (1.737–7.571)

0.931 (-2.514–4.375)

Inclination to risk (subjective 1–10)

0.093 (0.003–0.183)

0.063 (-0.025–0.152)

Inclination to risk (lottery games)

0.218 (-0.916–1.353)

1.151 (0.447–1.854)

WTP values in descending order

0.401 (-0.071–0.874)

-0.046 (-0.496–0.405)

 

Constant

4.646 (2.381–6.910)

5.566 (3.732–7.399)

Random Effects

Variance of the constant

0.082 (0.005–1.432)

7×10-12 (6×10-20- 0.001)

 

Residual variance

2.927 (2.407–3.560)

2.627 (2.161–3.192)

 

Intraclass correlation coefficient

0.026

0.017

  

Observations = 224

Observations = 223

-2LL = -440.8

-2LL = -425.9

Chi2(14) = 124.64

Chi2(14) = 87.99

  

Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

  1. Significant associations: p < 0.05 indicated in bold, p < 0.1 in italic.
  2. The WTP is estimated by payment with out of pocket payments in patients with perceived quality of life above or below the median.