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Table 2 Estimates of socio-demographics for access to prenatal care

From: Socio-demographic determinants and access to prenatal care in Italy

Variables

Logit

FE-logit

RE-Logit

REM-Logit

CI (95%)

Age ≤ 20

1.40***

1.38***

1.38***

1.38***

1.13

1.7

 

(0.141)

(0.144)

(0.143)

(0.143)

  

Age 30 – 39

0.86***

0.84***

0.84***

0.84***

0.76

0.93

 

(0.042)

(0.043)

(0.042)

(0.042)

  

Age > 39

0.88

0.84*

0.84*

0.84*

0.7

1.03

 

(0.087)

(0.084)

(0.083)

(0.083)

  

Nationality: EU-27

2.72***

2.58***

2.59***

2.59***

2.25

2.98

 

(0.183)

(0.186)

(0.186)

(0.186)

  

Nationality: Extra EU-27

2.94***

2.94***

2.92***

2.92***

2.63

3.26

 

(0.150)

(0.162)

(0.161)

(0.161)

  

Education: Medium

0.94

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.88

1.12

 

(0.057)

(0.061)

(0.061)

(0.061)

  

Education: Low

1.26***

1.37***

1.36***

1.36***

1.2

1.55

 

(0.082)

(0.091)

(0.091)

(0.091)

  

Occupation: Blue collar

0.86*

0.87*

0.87*

0.88*

0.75

1.02

 

(0.067)

(0.069)

(0.069)

(0.069)

  

Occupation: Unemployed

1.25**

1.60***

1.56***

1.56***

1.29

1.88

 

(0.115)

(0.154)

(0.149)

(0.149)

  

Occupation: Student

1.51**

1.34*

1.35*

1.35*

0.97

1.87

 

(0.254)

(0.225)

(0.225)

(0.225)

  

Occupation: Housewife

1.36***

1.33***

1.34***

1.34***

1.14

1.58

 

(0.110)

(0.112)

(0.112)

(0.113)

  

Marital status: Unmarried

1.17***

1.15**

1.15***

1.15***

1.04

1.28

 

(0.060)

(0.061)

(0.061)

(0.061)

  

Parity: 1+

1.57***

1.59***

1.58***

1.58***

1.44

1.73

 

(0.071)

(0.073)

(0.072)

(0.072)

  

Deprivation index: sed 2

   

1.35

0.6

3.06

    

(0.564)

  

Deprivation index: sed 3

   

1.29

0.88

1.9

    

(0.255)

  

Deprivation index: sed 4

   

1.14

0.7

1.84

    

(0.279)

  

Year: 2006

1

0.97

0.98

0.98

0.85

1.11

 

(0.066)

(0.065)

(0.066)

(0.066)

  

Year: 2007

0.83***

0.78***

0.78***

0.78***

0.68

0.9

 

(0.058)

(0.055)

(0.056)

(0.056)

  

Year: 2008

0.62***

0.60***

0.60***

0.60***

0.52

0.7

 

(0.045)

(0.044)

(0.044)

(0.044)

  

Year: 2009

0.74***

0.71***

0.72***

0.72***

0.63

0.83

 

(0.052)

(0.051)

(0.051)

(0.051)

  

Year: 2010

0.58***

0.55***

0.55***

0.55***

0.48

0.64

 

(0.043)

(0.041)

(0.042)

(0.042)

  

Constant

0.05***

0.01***

0.04***

0.03***

0.03

0.05

 

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.005)

(0.006)

  

σu

  

0.68

0.68

0.54

0.84

   

(0.077)

(0.076)

  

Ρ

  

0.12

0.12

0.08

0.18

   

(0.024)

(0.024)

  

LR test for ρ = 0

  

478.88***

393.75***

  

Observations

36,993

36,717

36,993

36,993

  

Adj. R-squared

0.08

0.12

.

.

  

Number of municipalities

  

91

91

  
  1. Notes: The confidence interval (CI) at 95% significance level refers to the ReM-Logit model (see text). Standard errors in brackets. Significant levels as follows: p-value *** ≤ 0.01, ** ≤ 0.05, * ≤ 0.1.
  2. Outcome of interest: odds ratios between fewer than four prenatal visits (LPV) versus four or more prenatal visits (NPV).
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