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Table 1 Factors influencing ANC/PNC use and post-partum modern FP use among women who had a childbirth within the last five years, Kenya, 2008–09

From: Relationships between antenatal and postnatal care and post-partum modern contraceptive use: evidence from population surveys in Kenya and Zambia

Characteristic

Distribution % or mean (95% C.I.)

ANC/PNC service intensity

Post-partum modern FP use

Coef. (95% C.I.)

Hazard ratio (95% C.I.)1

(1)

(2)

(3)

Median duration from childbirth to modern contraceptive adoption (months)

5

  

Timing of first ANC visits

   

None

7.67

  

1st trimester

15.11

  

2nd trimester

61.36

  

3rd trimester

15.86

  

Had more than 4 ANC visits

   

No

52.96

  

Yes

47.04

  

Use of PNC services

   

No

51.19

  

Yes

48.81

  

ANC and PNC service intensity score

−.02 (−1.22; 1.13)

1.09 (1.01; 1.18)*

Urban

20.98

.17 (.06; .27)***

.96 (.82; 1.14)

Region

   

Nairobi

8.64

1.00

Central

9.79

−.08 (−.23; .08)

1.37 (1.10; 1.71)**

Coast

14.70

.20 (.05; .36)*

1.03 (.83; 1.29)

Eastern

13.01

−.13 (−.28; .02)

1.12 (.91; 1.46)

Nyanza

17.32

−.22 (−.36; -.07)**

.81 (.65; 1.01)

Rift Valley

16.85

−.17 (−.31; -.03)*

.86 (.69; 1.07)

Western

12.30

−.19 (−.34; -.04)*

1.16 (.93; 1.45)

Northeastern

7.39

−.41 (−.65; -.16)

.27 (.14; .54)***

Age group

   

15 – 19

6.35

1.00

20 – 24

26.78

.06 (−.06; .18)

1.15 (.89; 1.47)

25 – 29

26.83

.10 (−.03; .23)

1.05 (.81; 1.36)

30 – 34

20.28

.04 (−.10; .17)

.88 (.67; 1.15)

35 – 39

11.54

−.09 (−.23; .06)

.76 (.59; 1.01)

40 – 49

8.21

−.19 (−.35; -.04)*

.59 (.43; .82)**

Highest education level

   

No education

10.64

1.00

Primary school

62.08

.45 (.34; .56)***

1.95 (1.49; 2.56)***

Secondary school or higher

27.33

.57 (.44; .70)***

2.12 (1.58; 2.84)***

Wealth quintile

   

Poorest

20.51

1.00

Poor

19.06

.10 (.01; .19)*

1.44 (1.19; 1.75)***

Middle

18.69

.13 (.04; .22)**

1.41 (1.17; 1.71)***

Rich

19.73

.12 (.02; .21)*

1.52 (1.25; 1.85)***

Richest

22.02

.11 (−.01; .23)

1.52 (1.20; 1.92)**

Religion

   

Catholic

20.56

1.00

Protestant/Other Christians

68.54

−.01 (−.08; .06)

1.00 (.88; 1.13)

Muslim/Others

10.90

−.23 (−.35; .-10)***

.83 (.67; 1.03)

Marital status

   

Not married

18.79

1.00

Married, monogamous

68.18

.19 (.11; .26)***

2.12 (1.84; 2.45)***

Married, polygamous

13.04

.15 (.04; .26)**

1.55 (1.26; 1.92)**

Work in the last 12 months

   

No

39.14

1.00

Yes

60.86

−.03 (−.09; .03)

1.18 (1.06; 1.31)**

Age at first birth

19.18 (14; 37)

.02 (.01; .02)**

Use of modern contraceptives prior to last childbirth

   

No

53.64

1.00

Yes

46.36

.15 (.09; .21)***

1.53 (1.37; 1.70)***

Desire for more children

   

No

50.30

1.00

Yes

49.70

 

.90 (.80; .99)*

Knowledge of modern contraceptives (range: 0–10)

6.72 (0; 10)

1.06 (1.03; 1.08)***

Visited and talked about FP by a field worker in the last 12 months

   

No

91.92

1.00

Yes

8.08

 

.88 (.74; 1.06)

Visited and talked about FP at a health facility in the last 12 months

   

No

70.03

1.00

Yes

20.97

 

1.19 (1.06; 1.35)**

Heard FP messages on the radio in the last few months

   

No

28.45

1.00

Yes

71.55

 

1.15 (1.01; 1.33)*

Saw FP messages on TV in the last few months

   

No

60.96

1.00

Yes

35.04

 

1.02 (.89; 1.18)

Read FP messages in newspapers in the last few months

   

No

69.44

1.00

Yes

30.56

 

.91 (.79; 1.05)

N

3,667