Excluding prior AMA variable | Including prior AMA variable | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
Between-individual parameters | ||||
Age (per decade) | 0.73* | 0.72, 0.74 | 0.82* | 0.80, 0.83 |
Male sex | 1.21* | 1.16, 1.26 | 1.48* | 1.41, 1.55 |
Prior AMA event | -- | -- | 170.0* | 156.2, 185.1 |
Socioeconomic status (5th [highest] urban quintile as reference group) | ||||
Urban 1st quintile (lowest) | 3.58* | 3.21, 3.99 | 2.54* | 2.28, 2.83 |
Urban 2nd quintile | 2.07* | 1.84, 2.33 | 1.78* | 1.58, 2.00 |
Urban 3rd quintile | 1.64* | 1.45, 1.86 | 1.41* | 1.24, 1.59 |
Urban 4th quintile | 1.20† | 1.05, 1.38 | 1.13 | 0.99, 1.30 |
Rural 1st quintile (lowest) | 2.48* | 2.19, 2.79 | 1.88* | 1.66, 2.13 |
Rural 2nd quintile | 1.49* | 1.31, 1.69 | 1.33* | 1.16, 1.52 |
Rural 3rd quintile | 1.30* | 1.14, 1.49 | 1.20‡ | 1.05, 1.38 |
Rural 4th quintile | 1.39* | 1.22, 1.59 | 1.20‡ | 1.04, 1.38 |
Rural 5th quintile (highest) | 1.33* | 1.16, 1.52 | 1.29† | 1.13, 1.47 |
Not calculated § | 1.49* | 1.25, 1.79 | 1.61* | 1.33, 1.94 |
Hospital (urban community hospitals as reference group) | ||||
Urban tertiary hospital 1 | 1.18* | 1.10, 1.26 | 1.07 | 1.00, 1.15 |
Urban tertiary hospital 2 | 0.87† | 0.80, 0.94 | 0.85† | 0.78, 0.92 |
Urban tertiary hospital 3 | 0.84† | 0.76, 0.93 | 0.76* | 0.68, 0.85 |
Rural hospitals | 1.25* | 1.16, 1.35 | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.05 |
Chronic co-morbid conditions | ||||
Alcohol abuse | 3.82* | 3.56, 4.11 | 1.39* | 1.24, 1.55 |
HIV/AIDS | 2.87* | 2.04, 4.04 | 0.93 | 0.52, 1.67 |
Drug abuse | 2.19* | 1.99, 2.42 | 0.85 | 0.73, 1.00 |
Weight loss | 1.93* | 1.40, 2.64 | 1.70‡ | 1.12, 2.60 |
Blood loss anemia | 1.68† | 1.25, 2.27 | 1.01 | 0.67, 1.51 |
Diabetes | 1.52* | 1.41, 1.64 | 0.97 | 0.88, 1.07 |
Deficiency anemia | 1.38* | 1.13, 1.68 | 0.80 | 0.60, 1.05 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1.36† | 1.15, 1.61 | 0.92 | 0.77, 1.11 |
Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 1.34* | 1.18, 1.53 | 0.64* | 0.52, 0.79 |
Valvular disease | 1.29‡ | 1.05, 1.59 | 1.01 | 0.79, 1.29 |
Liver disease | 1.26‡ | 1.09, 1.45 | 0.87 | 0.70, 1.09 |
Other neurological disorders | 1.24* | 1.11, 1.37 | 0.75† | 0.63, 0.88 |
Peptic ulcer disease without bleeding | 1.24 | 0.95, 1.61 | 0.69 | 0.46, 1.04 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.23* | 1.12, 1.36 | 0.84‡ | 0.75, 0.95 |
Paralysis | 1.21‡ | 0.98, 1.49 | 0.79 | 0.59, 1.06 |
Coagulopathy | 1.20 | 0.94, 1.53 | 0.62‡ | 0.43, 0.90 |
Hypertension, complicated | 1.09 | 0.85, 1.39 | 0.78 | 0.58, 1.04 |
Obesity | 1.09 | 0.92, 1.30 | 0.99 | 0.79, 1.25 |
Congestive heart failure | 1.07 | 0.96, 1.20 | 0.96 | 0.85, 1.09 |
Renal failure | 1.06 | 0.90, 1.26 | 0.82 | 0.68, 1.00 |
Solid tumor without metastasis | 1.04 | 0.85, 1.27 | 0.81‡ | 0.67, 0.99 |
Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen-vascular disorders | 1.04 | 0.86, 1.26 | 0.87 | 0.70, 1.07 |
Metastatic cancer | 0.96 | 0.81, 1.14 | 0.84‡ | 0.71, 1.00 |
Lymphoma | 0.91 | 0.67, 1.23 | 0.85 | 0.65, 1.11 |
Depression | 0.89‡ | 0.80, 0.99 | 0.52* | 0.45, 0.62 |
Psychoses | 0.87‡ | 0.76, 1.00 | 0.60* | 0.49, 0.72 |
Pulmonary circulation disorders | 0.85 | 0.62, 1.17 | 0.74 | 0.51, 1.07 |
Arrhythmia | 0.81† | 0.72, 0.91 | 0.69* | 0.60, 0.78 |
Hypertension, uncomplicated | 0.74* | 0.67, 0.81 | 0.78* | 0.70, 0.86 |
Hypothyroidism | 0.70† | 0.57, 0.86 | 0.80‡ | 0.64, 1.00 |
Most responsible hospital diagnosis (cardiovascular disorders as reference group) | ||||
Poisoning by pharmaceuticals or alcohol | 2.72* | 2.25, 3.28 | 4.16* | 3.31, 5.23 |
Intracranial injuries without skull fracture | 2.10* | 1.69, 2.61 | 3.34* | 2.64, 4.23 |
Tuberculosis | 2.02* | 1.46, 2.79 | 1.39 | 0.88, 2.20 |
Alcohol or drug abuse | 1.91* | 1.65, 2.20 | 2.69* | 2.25, 3.21 |
Injuries with open wounds | 1.91* | 1.62, 2.26 | 1.71* | 1.39, 2.12 |
Diabetic ketoacidosis | 1.69† | 1.24, 2.30 | 0.59‡ | 0.38, 0.92 |
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | 1.44* | 1.21, 1.72 | 1.37‡ | 1.11, 1.68 |
Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions | 1.31† | 1.14, 1.50 | 1.08 | 0.91, 1.28 |
Injury and poisoning|| | 1.14‡ | 1.01, 1.29 | 1.27† | 1.11, 1.45 |
Alcohol-related liver disease | 1.06 | 0.72, 1.56 | 1.92‡ | 1.02, 3.63 |
Endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, immune disorders¶ | 1.05 | 0.85, 1.29 | 0.86 | 0.62, 1.19 |
Mental disorders** | 0.96 | 0.82, 1.13 | 1.22‡ | 1.01, 1.48 |
Diseases of the digestive system†† | 0.86‡ | 0.76, 0.97 | 0.62* | 0.54, 0.72 |
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system & connective tissue | 0.84‡ | 0.71, 1.00 | 0.67* | 0.56, 0.80 |
Diseases of the respiratory system | 0.83‡ | 0.72, 0.96 | 0.82‡ | 0.69, 0.96 |
Infectious and parasitic diseases except tuberculosis | 0.61† | 0.46, 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.58, 1.08 |
Diseases of nervous system and sense organs | 0.59* | 0.47, 0.73 | 0.58* | 0.45, 0.74 |
Diseases of blood and blood-forming organs | 0.58† | 0.38, 0.87 | 0.62‡ | 0.39, 0.99 |
Diseases of the genitourinary system | 0.56* | 0.47, 0.65 | 0.45* | 0.38, 0.54 |
Neoplasms | 0.52* | 0.42, 0.64 | 0.61* | 0.50, 0.75 |
Factors influencing health status, congenital abnormalities, or conditions originating in the perinatal period | 0.38* | 0.33, 0.45 | 0.47* | 0.40, 0.56 |
Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium | 0.27* | 0.24, 0.30 | 0.33* | 0.29, 0.38 |
Major surgical procedure | 0.30* | 0.28, 0.32 | 0.39* | 0.36, 0.43 |
Time period (1990–93 as reference group) | ||||
1994-1998 | 0.96 | 0.90, 1.03 | 0.82* | 0.76, 0.89 |
1999-2003 | 0.91† | 0.86, 0.97 | 0.91‡ | 0.84, 0.98 |
2004-2008 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.11 |
Within-individual parameters | ||||
Age (per decade) | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.07 | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.07 |
Major surgical procedure | 0.32* | 0.30, 0.34 | 0.32* | 0.30, 0.34 |