First visit characteristics | Overall (N = 193) | Retained (R) (N = 59) | Discharged (D/C) (N = 46) | Defaulted (DF) (N = 88) | Over all p-value | R vs. D/C | R vs. DF | D/C vs. DF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 59.1 (12.3) | 59.1 (9.9) | 60.6 (14) | 58.3 (12.9) | 0.5944 | |||
Male (%) | 106 (54.9) | 28 (47.5) | 25 (54.4) | 53 (60.2) | 0.3112 | |||
Distance from clinic (km)(median, IQR) | 12.4 (7.4–20.5) | 14.2 (7.9–20.7) | 13.4 (7.2–17.8) | 10.7 (7.5–23.9) | 0.7194 | |||
Urban (%) | 174 (90.2) | 51 (86.4) | 45 (97.8) | 78 (88.6) | 0.1227 | 0.0741 | 0.6906 | 0.0967 |
Number of re-referrals (%) | 36 (18.8) | 14 (24.1%) | 3 (6.5%) | 19 (21.6%) | 0.0477 | 0.0158 | 0.7188 | 0.0254 |
Medical history | ||||||||
Duration DM2 (years) – (median, IQR) | 6 (1–12) | 8 (2–15) | 2.5 (1–8.5) | 7 (2.5–12) | 0.0187 | 0.0146 | 0.7622 | 0.0114 |
Hypertension (%) | 142 (74) | 44 (74.6) | 34 (75.6) | 64 (72.7) | 0.9321 | |||
Dyslipidemia (%) | 154 (83.7) | 49 (86.0) | 36 (83.7) | 69 (82.1) | 0.8338 | |||
Psychiatric disease (%) | 41 (21.9) | 16 (27.6) | 7 (15.6) | 18 (21.4) | 0.3388 | |||
Macrovascular complications | ||||||||
CAD (%) | 41 (22.5) | 16 (28.6) | 8 (18.2) | 17 (20.7) | 0.4066 | |||
PVD (%) | 11 (6.0) | 5 (8.5) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (6.1) | 0.5275 | |||
CVA/TIA (%) | 10 (5.3) | 6 (10.2) | 0 | 4 (4.7) | 0.0719 | 0.0380 | 0.3170 | 0.3005 |
Any macrovascular complications (%) | 51 (28.3) | 21 (36.8) | 8 (18.6) | 22 (27.5) | 0.1311 | 0.0466 | 0.2455 | 0.2733 |
Microvascular complications | ||||||||
Nephropathy (%) | 49 (27.1) | 18 (31.6) | 9 (20.9) | 22 (27.2) | 0.4945 | |||
Retinopathy (%) | 26 (17.6) | 12 (23.5) | 2 (5.9) | 12 (19.1) | 0.1026 | 0.0316 | 0.5595 | 0.1281 |
Neuropathy (%) | 49 (26.9) | 13 (22.4) | 7 (16.3) | 29 (35.8) | 0.0424 | 0.4443 | 0.0901 | 0.0226 |
Any microvascular complications (%) | 79 (40.9) | 24 (47.1) | 13 (33.3) | 42 (59.2) | 0.0328 | 0.1897 | 0.1860 | 0.0096 |
Disease status | ||||||||
HbA1c (%)(mean, SD) | 8.5 (1.9) | 8.6 (1.8) | 7.9 (1.9) | 8.7 (1.9) | 0.0609 | 0.0669 | 0.6694 | 0.0243 |
HbA1c (IFCC units mmol/mol) | 69 | 70 | 63 | 72 | ||||
HbA1c ≤7.0% or 53 mmol/mol (%) | 47 (25.5) | 16 (27.6) | 17 (39.5) | 14 (16.9) | 0.0199 | 0.2055 | 0.1259 | 0.0051 |
Weight (kg) (mean, SD) | 94.1 (23.2) | 93.0 (22.3) | 88.9 (18.9) | 97.6 (25.3) | 0.1122 | 0.3252 | 0.2608 | 0.0448 |
BMI (mean, SD) | 33.8 (7.7) | 33.8 (7.8) | 32.5(6.3) | 34.5 (8.2) | 0.3738 | |||
SBP (mean, SD) | 140.9 (20.0) | 141.2 (23.2) | 138.7 (19.3) | 141.8 (18.0) | 0.6879 | |||
DBP (mean, SD) | 75.1 (10.0) | 75.5 (11.1) | 75.4 (9.4) | 74.6 (9.5) | 0.8267 | |||
Total Cholesterol (mean, SD) | 4.99 (1.41) | 4.96 (1.44) | 4.98 (1.1) | 5.02 (1.55) | 0.9694 | |||
HDL-C (mean, SD) | 1.19 (0.33) | 1.22 (0.32) | 1.21 (0.33) | 1.15 (0.33) | 0.5015 | |||
LDL-C (mean, SD) | 2.65 (1.01) | 2.64 (1.04) | 2.85 (1.03) | 2.53 (0.97) | 0.3139 | |||
Triglycerides (median, IQR) | 2.06 (1.5–2.92) | 1.92 (1.39–2.99) | 2.12 (1.58–2.59) | 2.18 (1.5–2.99) | 0.8033 | |||
TC:HDL-C (mean, SD) | 4.33 (1.41) | 4.19 (1.27) | 4.35 (1.27) | 4.43 (1.59) | 0.6311 | |||
Smoker (%) | 37 (20.1%) | 8 (13.8) | 7 (16.3) | 22 (26.5) | 0.1390 | 0.7283 | 0.0695 | 0.1960 |
First visit medications | ||||||||
On Insulin (%) | 47 (24.4%) | 23 (39.0) | 3 (6.5) | 21 (23.9) | 0.0006 | 0.0001 | 0.0498 | 0.0129 |
On ACE-I/ARB (%) | 114 (59.7) | 44 (74.6) | 25 (54.4) | 45 (52.3) | 0.0191 | 0.0303 | 0.0069 | 0.8245 |
On ASA (%) | 76 (39.8) | 26 (44.1) | 16 (35.6) | 34 (39.1) | 0.6684 | |||
On Statin (%) | 98 (50.8) | 34 (57.6) | 23 (50.0) | 41 (46.6) | 0.4198 |