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Table 3 Total scores and percent positive scores in each sub-dimension

From: The characteristics of patient safety culture in Japan, Taiwan and the United States

  

Total Score

Percent Positive Score††

  

M

SD

95% CI

M

SD

95% CI

Frequency of events reported

Japan

11.92

2.97

(11.85–11.99)

0.68

0.41

(0.67–0.69)

Taiwan

9.33

2.50

(9.28–9.38)

0.33

0.39

(0.32–0.33)

U.S.

11.14

2.86

(11.13–11.15)

0.61

0.42

(0.61–0.61)

Overall perceptions of patient safety

Japan

13.83

2.51

(13.77–13.89)

0.53

0.35

(0.52–0.54)

Taiwan

13.45

1.93

(13.41–13.49)

0.52

0.28

(0.51–0.52)

U.S.

14.34

3.14

(14.33–14.36)

0.63

0.34

(0.63–0.63)

Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety

Japan

14.68

2.56

(14.62–14.74)

0.62

0.31

(0.62–0.63)

Taiwan

14.57

2.21

(14.52–14.61)

0.65

0.33

(0.64–0.65)

U.S.

15.43

3.19

(15.42–15.44)

0.74

0.33

(0.74–0.74)

Organizational learning/continuous improvement

Japan

10.44

1.85

(10.39–10.48)

0.55

0.35

(0.54–0.56)

Taiwan

11.68

1.44

(11.66–11.71)

0.81

0.30

(0.80–0.81)

U.S.

11.32

2.03

(11.31–11.33)

0.72

0.34

(0.72–0.72)

Teamwork within hospital units

Japan

14.91

2.65

(14.85–14.97)

0.70

0.34

(0.70–0.71)

Taiwan

15.50

2.27

(15.46–15.55)

0.79

0.30

(0.79–0.80)

U.S.

15.68

3.12

(15.67–15.69)

0.79

0.30

(0.79–0.79)

Communication openness

Japan

10.38

2.23

(10.33–10.44)

0.49

0.37

(0.48–0.50)

Taiwan

9.70

1.90

(9.66–9.74)

0.38

0.35

(0.37–0.39)

U.S.

10.96

2.41

(10.95–10.97)

0.61

0.37

(0.61–0.61)

Feedback and communication about error

Japan

10.73

2.34

(10.67–10.78)

0.53

0.39

(0.52–0.54)

Taiwan

10.16

1.86

(10.12–10.20)

0.44

0.33

(0.44–0.45)

U.S.

11.20

2.52

(11.19–11.21)

0.63

0.38

(0.63–0.63)

Nonpunitive response to error

Japan

9.63

2.34

(9.58–9.69)

0.43

0.37

(0.42–0.44)

Taiwan

8.78

1.92

(8.74–8.82)

0.29

0.31

(0.29–0.30)

U.S.

9.42

2.75

(9.41–9.43)

0.42

0.39

(0.42–0.42)

Staffing

Japan

12.16

2.63

(12.10–12.23)

0.37

0.27

(0.36–0.38)

Taiwan

12.15

2.57

(12.10–12.20)

0.36

0.31

(0.36–0.37)

U.S.

13.55

3.04

(13.54–13.56)

0.54

0.33

(0.54–0.54)

Hospital management support for patient safety

Japan

10.24

1.98

(10.20–10.29)

0.52

0.37

(0.51–0.52)

Taiwan

10.57

1.81

(10.53–10.61)

0.58

0.36

(0.58–0.59)

U.S.

11.18

2.48

(11.17–11.18)

0.70

0.37

(0.70–0.70)

Teamwork across hospital units

Japan

13.12

2.49

(13.06–13.18)

0.44

0.35

(0.43–0.45)

Taiwan

13.69

2.34

(13.64–13.73)

0.51

0.37

(0.50–0.51)

U.S.

13.66

3.04

(13.65–13.67)

0.55

0.37

(0.55–0.55)

Hospital handoffs and transitions

Japan

12.61

2.52

(12.55–12.68)

0.35

0.36

(0.35–0.36)

Taiwan

12.67

2.52

(12.62–12.72)

0.39

0.36

(0.39–0.40)

U.S.

12.67

3.21

(12.66–12.68)

0.41

0.39

(0.41–0.41)

  1. M, mean; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
  2. Calculated as the sum of scores for each item within the same sub-dimension.
  3. ††Mean percentage of positive responses calculated according to AHRQ instructions for every respondent.