From: The characteristics of patient safety culture in Japan, Taiwan and the United States
Total Score† | Percent Positive Score†† | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | 95% CI | M | SD | 95% CI | ||
Frequency of events reported | Japan | 11.92 | 2.97 | (11.85–11.99) | 0.68 | 0.41 | (0.67–0.69) |
Taiwan | 9.33 | 2.50 | (9.28–9.38) | 0.33 | 0.39 | (0.32–0.33) | |
U.S. | 11.14 | 2.86 | (11.13–11.15) | 0.61 | 0.42 | (0.61–0.61) | |
Overall perceptions of patient safety | Japan | 13.83 | 2.51 | (13.77–13.89) | 0.53 | 0.35 | (0.52–0.54) |
Taiwan | 13.45 | 1.93 | (13.41–13.49) | 0.52 | 0.28 | (0.51–0.52) | |
U.S. | 14.34 | 3.14 | (14.33–14.36) | 0.63 | 0.34 | (0.63–0.63) | |
Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety | Japan | 14.68 | 2.56 | (14.62–14.74) | 0.62 | 0.31 | (0.62–0.63) |
Taiwan | 14.57 | 2.21 | (14.52–14.61) | 0.65 | 0.33 | (0.64–0.65) | |
U.S. | 15.43 | 3.19 | (15.42–15.44) | 0.74 | 0.33 | (0.74–0.74) | |
Organizational learning/continuous improvement | Japan | 10.44 | 1.85 | (10.39–10.48) | 0.55 | 0.35 | (0.54–0.56) |
Taiwan | 11.68 | 1.44 | (11.66–11.71) | 0.81 | 0.30 | (0.80–0.81) | |
U.S. | 11.32 | 2.03 | (11.31–11.33) | 0.72 | 0.34 | (0.72–0.72) | |
Teamwork within hospital units | Japan | 14.91 | 2.65 | (14.85–14.97) | 0.70 | 0.34 | (0.70–0.71) |
Taiwan | 15.50 | 2.27 | (15.46–15.55) | 0.79 | 0.30 | (0.79–0.80) | |
U.S. | 15.68 | 3.12 | (15.67–15.69) | 0.79 | 0.30 | (0.79–0.79) | |
Communication openness | Japan | 10.38 | 2.23 | (10.33–10.44) | 0.49 | 0.37 | (0.48–0.50) |
Taiwan | 9.70 | 1.90 | (9.66–9.74) | 0.38 | 0.35 | (0.37–0.39) | |
U.S. | 10.96 | 2.41 | (10.95–10.97) | 0.61 | 0.37 | (0.61–0.61) | |
Feedback and communication about error | Japan | 10.73 | 2.34 | (10.67–10.78) | 0.53 | 0.39 | (0.52–0.54) |
Taiwan | 10.16 | 1.86 | (10.12–10.20) | 0.44 | 0.33 | (0.44–0.45) | |
U.S. | 11.20 | 2.52 | (11.19–11.21) | 0.63 | 0.38 | (0.63–0.63) | |
Nonpunitive response to error | Japan | 9.63 | 2.34 | (9.58–9.69) | 0.43 | 0.37 | (0.42–0.44) |
Taiwan | 8.78 | 1.92 | (8.74–8.82) | 0.29 | 0.31 | (0.29–0.30) | |
U.S. | 9.42 | 2.75 | (9.41–9.43) | 0.42 | 0.39 | (0.42–0.42) | |
Staffing | Japan | 12.16 | 2.63 | (12.10–12.23) | 0.37 | 0.27 | (0.36–0.38) |
Taiwan | 12.15 | 2.57 | (12.10–12.20) | 0.36 | 0.31 | (0.36–0.37) | |
U.S. | 13.55 | 3.04 | (13.54–13.56) | 0.54 | 0.33 | (0.54–0.54) | |
Hospital management support for patient safety | Japan | 10.24 | 1.98 | (10.20–10.29) | 0.52 | 0.37 | (0.51–0.52) |
Taiwan | 10.57 | 1.81 | (10.53–10.61) | 0.58 | 0.36 | (0.58–0.59) | |
U.S. | 11.18 | 2.48 | (11.17–11.18) | 0.70 | 0.37 | (0.70–0.70) | |
Teamwork across hospital units | Japan | 13.12 | 2.49 | (13.06–13.18) | 0.44 | 0.35 | (0.43–0.45) |
Taiwan | 13.69 | 2.34 | (13.64–13.73) | 0.51 | 0.37 | (0.50–0.51) | |
U.S. | 13.66 | 3.04 | (13.65–13.67) | 0.55 | 0.37 | (0.55–0.55) | |
Hospital handoffs and transitions | Japan | 12.61 | 2.52 | (12.55–12.68) | 0.35 | 0.36 | (0.35–0.36) |
Taiwan | 12.67 | 2.52 | (12.62–12.72) | 0.39 | 0.36 | (0.39–0.40) | |
U.S. | 12.67 | 3.21 | (12.66–12.68) | 0.41 | 0.39 | (0.41–0.41) |