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Table 5 Association between total hospital stays and location with adjustments for population and practice characteristics

From: Is the health of people living in rural areas different from those in cities? Evidence from routine data linked with the Scottish Health Survey

  

Model 1

  

Model 2

  

Model 3

  

Model 4

 
 

OR*

(99% CI)

P > z

OR

(99% CI)

P > z

OR

(99% CI)

P > z

OR

(99% CI)

P > z

Age and sex

            

Male < 30

ref.

  

ref.

  

ref.

  

ref.

  

Male30_34

1.89

(0.70 5.09)

0.099

1.84

(0.74 4.56)

0.084

1.52

(0.77 2.99)

0.115

1.44

(0.71 2.93)

0.204

Male35_39

1.22

(0.80 1.87)

0.228

1.21

(0.80 1.84)

0.230

1.23

(0.78 1.95)

0.247

1.08

(0.58 2.01)

0.753

Male40_44

2.75

(1.00 7.51)

0.010

2.69

(1.08 6.75)

0.005

1.79

(1.03 3.13)

0.007

1.85

(0.99 3.48)

0.013

Male45_49

2.12

(1.22 3.67)

< 0.001

2.12

(1.23 3.64)

< 0.001

1.90

(1.12 3.24)

0.002

1.80

(0.99 3.25)

0.011

Male50_54

2.91

(1.76 4.79)

< 0.001

2.87

(1.79 4.60)

< 0.001

2.68

(1.65 4.36)

< 0.001

2.65

(1.45 4.90)

< 0.001

Male55_59

3.93

(2.68 5.78)

< 0.001

3.97

(2.73 5.80)

< 0.001

3.76

(2.46 5.74)

< 0.001

4.08

(2.35 6.90)

< 0.001

Male60_64

6.49

(3.94 10.68)

< 0.001

6.57

(3.97 10.88)

< 0.001

6.35

(3.60 11.20)

< 0.001

5.82

(3.21 10.68)

< 0.001

Male65_69

5.29

(3.53 7.91)

< 0.001

5.38

(3.65 7.94)

< 0.001

4.96

(3.25 7.59)

< 0.001

9.02

(5.22 15.58)

< 0.001

Male70_74

7.57

(5.01 11.44)

< 0.001

7.82

(5.23 11.70)

< 0.001

6.90

(4.48 10.63)

< 0.001

12.11

(6.91 21.06)

< 0.001

Female < 30

0.96

(0.62 1.47)

0.787

0.98

(0.64 1.49)

0.887

0.82

(0.51 1.33)

0.291

0.72

(0.41 1.26)

0.130

Female30_34

1.90

(1.24 2.90)

< 0.001

1.82

(1.20 2.75)

< 0.001

1.37

(0.83 2.25)

0.104

1.18

(0.64 2.12)

0.500

Female35_39

1.71

(1.10 2.67)

0.002

1.69

(1.11 2.56)

0.001

1.39

(0.89 2.16)

0.056

1.50

(0.80 2.75)

0.098

Female40_44

2.01

(1.26 3.19)

< 0.001

2.01

(1.29 3.14)

< 0.001

1.82

(1.12 2.96)

0.002

1.63

(0.94 2.80)

0.022

Female45_49

2.58

(1.57 4.26)

< 0.001

2.65

(1.61 4.37)

< 0.001

2.51

(1.41 4.46)

< 0.001

1.96

(1.06 3.64)

0.005

Female50_54

3.03

(1.99 4.62)

< 0.001

3.05

(2.03 4.57)

< 0.001

2.92

(1.85 4.63)

< 0.001

3.35

(1.83 5.94)

< 0.001

Female55_59

4.04

(2.78 5.89)

< 0.001

4.02

(2.80 5.78)

< 0.001

3.17

(2.12 4.75)

< 0.001

3.50

(2.01 6.11)

< 0.001

Female60_64

4.50

(2.82 7.19)

< 0.001

4.50

(2.90 6.98)

< 0.001

3.81

(2.48 5.83)

< 0.001

3.87

(2.28 6.52)

< 0.001

Female65_69

4.70

(2.88 7.68)

< 0.001

4.72

(2.92 7.63)

< 0.001

4.40

(2.43 7.96)

< 0.001

7.70

(3.67 16.15)

< 0.001

Female70_74

8.51

(5.73 12.64)

< 0.001

8.53

(5.81 12.51)

< 0.001

8.04

(5.12 12.63)

< 0.001

14.02

(7.78 25.24)

< 0.001

Location1

            

PC

   

ref.

  

ref.

     

US

   

0.85

(0.69 1.06)

0.061

0.87

(0.69 1.08)

0.098

0.86

(0.69 1.08)

0.088

AST

   

0.99

(0.65 1.49)

0.934

0.85

(0.60 1.19)

0.204

0.97

(0.65 1.46)

0.841

RST

   

0.71

(0.43 1.19)

0.089

0.69

(0.44 1.09)

0.037

0.89

(0.50 1.51)

0.496

VRST

   

1.25

(0.72 2.17)

0.301

1.08

(0.71 1.67)

0.625

1.26

(0.67 2.32)

0.364

AR

   

0.67

(0.46 0.98)

0.006

0.69

(0.51 0.95)

0.003

0.80

(0.57 1.08)

0.054

RR

   

0.80

(0.46 1.37)

0.286

1.08

(0.55 2.12)

0.777

1.39

(0.54 3.49)

0.388

VRR

   

0.93

(0.60 1.44)

0.659

1.04

(0.73 1.48)

0.791

0.97

(0.54 1.38)

0.433

Social Class

            

Intermediate

      

ref.

  

ref.

  

Professional

      

0.42

(0.27 0.63)

< 0.001

0.39

(0.26 0.58)

< 0.001

Skilled non-manual

      

0.93

(0.69 1.25)

0.534

1.00

(0.73 1.36)

0.988

Skilled manual

      

0.95

(0.72 1.28)

0.682

1.00

(0.74 1.36)

0.989

Partly skilled

      

1.07

(0.77 1.49)

0.637

1.24

(0.85 1.81)

0.139

Unskilled

      

1.24

(0.84 1.86)

0.154

1.28

(0.85 1.93)

0.130

House ownership

            

Owned

      

ref.

  

ref.

  

Publicly rented

      

2.19

(1.70 2.74)

< 0.001

2.18

(1.69 2.81)

< 0.001

Privately rented

      

1.12

(0.70 1.71)

0.519

1.16

(0.71 1.90)

0.443

Others

      

1.44

(0.81 2.19)

0.058

1.36

(0.74 2.58)

0.185

Practice char.

            

WTE GPs per 1000 pop.

         

1.31

(0.64 2.68)

0.332

GPs age (mean)

         

1.01

(0.99 1.04)

0.164

Survey year 1998

         

0.37

(0.30 0.45)

0.201

Log pseudo-likelihood

-36195

  

-36152

  

-33270

  

-29764

  

Sample size

15435

  

15423

  

14448

  

13019

  

Joint significance of rural

         

X2(7) = 8.64

p = 0.278

 
  1. * OR Odds Ratio ref. reference group 1 PC Primary Cities, US Urban Settlements, AST Accessible Small Towns, RST Remote Small Towns, VRST Very Remote Small Towns, AR Accessible Rural, RR Remote Rural, VRR Very Remote Rural. 2 p-values calculated using standard errors clustered by practice
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