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Table 2 Medicare benefit claims and out-of-pocket costs in 12 months following study entry, according to smoking status

From: Smoking and use of primary care services: findings from a population-based cohort study linked with administrative claims data

Medicare benefit

% Participants

% Claimed benefit

RR (95% CI)

Median benefit claimed ($)

   

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

 
   

Claimed benefit

Cost claimed§

Claimed benefit

Cost claimed§

Claimed benefit

Cost claimed§

 

Males (N = 117,328)

         

Never smoker

47.7

91.9

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

207.55

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

4.5

92.3

1.01 (1.00 - 1.02)

1.29 (1.25 - 1.33)

1.01 (1.00 - 1.02)

1.19 (1.16 - 1.22)

1.00 (0.99 - 1.01)

1.09 (1.06 - 1.12)

245.24

Previous smoker 5+ yrs

40.1

93.0

1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.13 (1.12 - 1.14)

1.01 (1.01 - 1.01)

1.12 (1.10 - 1.13)

1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.06 (1.05 - 1.07)

268.40

Current smoker

7.7

89.1

0.98 (0.97 - 0.98)

1.25 (1.22 - 1.28)

0.97 (0.97 - 0.98)

1.08 (1.06 - 1.11)

0.97 (0.96 - 0.97)

1.01 (0.99 - 1.03)

223.95

Total

100

92.1

      

233.92

Females (N = 137,054)

         

Never smoker

63.9

95.2

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

255.75

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

3.6

95.6

1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.23 (1.20 - 1.27)

1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.19 (1.16 - 1.22)

1.00 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.09 (1.06 - 1.11)

277.05

Previous smoker 5 + yrs

25.4

95.4

1.00 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.05 (1.04 - 1.07)

1.01 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.10 (1.09 - 1.11)

1.00 (1.00 - 1.01)

1.06 (1.05 - 1.07)

259.85

Current smoker

7.7

93.9

0.99 (0.98 – 0.99)

1.17 (1.15 - 1.20)

0.99 (0.98 - 0.99)

1.10 (1.08 - 1.12)

0.98 (0.98 - 0.99)

1.00 (0.98 - 1.02)

246.48

Total

100

95.2

      

258.2

Out of pocket costs (OOPC)

% Participants§

% Paid OOPC§

RR (95% CI)

Median OOPC paid§ ($)

   

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

 
   

Paid OOPC§

Amount paid||

Paid OOPC§

Amount paid||

Paid OOPC§

Amount paid||

 

Males (N = 117,328)

         

Never smoker

47.7

50.1

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

50.80

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

4.5

44.0

0.83 (0.80 - 0.85)

1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)

0.93 (0.91 - 0.96)

1.07 (1.03 - 1.12)

0.95 (0.92 - 0.98)

1.03 (1.00 - 1.07)

52.05

Previous smoker 5+ yrs

40.1

45.3

0.96 (0.95 - 0.98)

1.04 (1.02 - 1.06)

0.99 (0.97 – 1.00)

1.06 (1.04 - 1.08)

0.99 (0.98 - 1.01)

1.04 (1.02 - 1.05)

53.45

Current smoker

7.7

37.3

0.69 (0.67 - 0.71)

0.91 (0.88 - 0.94)

0.86 (0.84 - 0.88)

0.98 (0.95 - 1.02)

0.87 (0.85 - 0.90)

0.94 (0.91 - 0.98)

44.88

Total

100

46.9

      

51.55

Females (N = 137,054)

         

Never smoker

63.9

50.6

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

56.55

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

3.6

49.7

0.90 (0.87 - 0.92)

1.00 (0.96 - 1.03)

0.96 (0.94 - 0.99)

1.05 (1.01 - 1.09)

0.98 (0.95 - 1.01)

1.01 (0.98 - 1.05)

56.90

Previous smoker 5 + yrs

25.4

54.4

1.05 (1.03 - 1.06)

1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)

1.02 (1.00 - 1.03)

1.06 (1.04 - 1.08)

1.02 (1.01 - 1.03)

1.04 (1.03 - 1.06)

58.85

Current smoker

7.7

42.82

0.76 (0.74 - 0.78)

0.93 (0.90 - 0.96)

0.87 (0.85 - 0.89)

1.01 (0.98 - 1.04)

0.88 (0.86 - 0.90)

0.97 (0.94 – 1.00)

51.60

Total

100

51.1

      

56.90

  1. *Model 1: adjusted for age.
  2. †Model 2: adjusted for age, highest level of education, country of birth, language other than English spoken at home, annual household income, remoteness of residence, working status, private health insurance, alcoholic drinks per week.
  3. ‡Model 3: adjusted as for Model 2, plus self-rated health, functional capacity, psychological distress, comorbidities count.
  4. §Includes only participants who claimed Medicare benefit.
  5. ||Includes only participants who paid OOPC.
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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