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Table 4 Outcomes among individuals who were overweight or obese and had other lifestyle risk-factors (as compared with propensity-matched controls) *

From: Obesity, lifestyle risk-factors, and health service outcomes among healthy middle-aged adults in Canada

Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2)

Cumulative average costs (SD)

STD of the mean†

P value

Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

Cumulative average costs (SD)

STD of the mean†

P value

One lifestyle risk-factor

   

One lifestyle risk-factor

   

Overweight (N = 2,896)

7,138.16 (18,443.25)

0.02

0.56

Obese (N = 822)

8,294.67 (19,836.89)

0.05

0.27

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 2,896)

6,866.16 (17,697.33)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 822)

7,323.59 (16,319.45)

  

Two lifestyle risk-factors

   

Two lifestyle risk-factors

   

Overweight + smoking (N = 971)

8,880.13 (19,637.38)

0.11

0.02

Obese + smoking (N = 381)

11,910.27 (25,381.14)

0.16

0.03

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 971)

6,826.64 (18,575.46)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 381)

8,128.23 (21,826.60)

  

Overweight + sedentary (N = 1418)

8,013.25 (16,471.07)

0.06

0.12

Obese + sedentary (N = 765)

12,329.83 (28,969.98)

0.15

0.003

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 1418)

6,917.95 (19,682.70)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 765)

8,250.36 (24,459.08)

  

Overweight + distressed (N = 1089)

8,594.73 (18,768.77)

0.11

0.007

Obese + distressed (N = 508)

12,788.78 (26,685.21)

0.22

<0.001

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 1089)

6,579.22 (16,900.57)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 508)

7,546.57 (19,592.65)

  

Three lifestyle risk-factors

   

Three lifestyle risk-factors

   

Overweight + smoking + sedentary (N = 535)

9,216.40 (19,452.87)

0.10

0.08

Obese + smoking + sedentary (N = 229)

11,317.21 (22,818.74)

0.11

0.22

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 535)

7,190.30 (19,885.19)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 229)

8,684.30 (24,431.00)

  

Overweight + smoking + distressed (N = 380)

9,465.67 (19,412.22)

0.19

0.009

Obese + smoking + distressed (N = 167)

11,749.28 (23,476.53)

0.26

0.02

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 380)

6,026.03 (17,524.67)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 167)

6,402.59 (17,631.10)

  

Overweight + distressed + sedentary (N = 566)

8,393.17 (17,643.75)

0.12

0.04

Obese + distressed + sedentary (N = 302)

14,186.81 (30,536.44)

0.30

<0.001

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 566)

6,524.60 (13,856.13)

  

Normal weight healthy matched controls (N = 302)

7,029.87 (14,931.77)

  
  1. * High alcohol consumption is defined as consumption exceeding the median level for the entire cohort (regardless of subgroup and prior to propensity matching) and consists of consuming ≥ 2 drinks per day. Sedentary lifestyle was defined as a frequency of physical activity that fell below the median for the study sample (i.e.,. < 17 days per month of exercising for ≥ 15 minutes per session). High psychological distress is defined as the number of individuals whose distress scores, as measured using the Ontario Health Survey derived distress scale exceeding the median for the entire cohort (a score of >2) regardless of subgroup and prior to propensity matching).
  2. †STD of the mean = Standardized Difference of the Mean.