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Table 3 Multivariable regression results for predictors available at age two associated with PIAT scores in math, reading recognition, and reading comprehension at age six or seven

From: Early identification of young children at risk for poor academic achievement: preliminary development of a parent-report prediction tool

Predictor

School

Success

Outcomes

 

Math

(n = 2200)

Reading Recognition

(n = 2178)

Reading Comprehension

(n = 1384)

Adjusted R 2

0.24

0.19

0.17

Intercepts

87.68

87.18

96.24

CHILD CHARACTERISTICS

   

Child Demographics

   

Female

0.30

2.04

1.50

Number of children

   

   1 child

 

Reference

 

   2-3 children

-1.21*

-2.11

-1.55

   4 or more children

-2.85

-3.96

-2.08*

Developmental abilities

   

Motor-Social Development score

0.12

0.09

0.06

Personality

   

Brief Compliance Scale score

0.19

0.11*

0.03

FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS

   

Maternal age at child's birth

0.09

0.30

0.30

Maternal race/ethnicity

   

   Non-hispanic white

 

Reference

 

   African-American

-4.57

-0.41

-0.92

   Hispanic

-2.28

0.38

-0.39

   Asian/Pacific Islander

1.13

7.57

4.13

   Native American

-9.26

-4.96*

4.21

   Other

-0.13

2.04

1.50

Maternal interview not in English

-4.53

-5.57

0.24

Maternal educational attainment

   

   Less than high school

-9.16

-7.11

-5.22

   High school

-5.86

-3.80

-3.26

   Some college

-2.95

-1.53*

-0.90

   Bachelor's degree or beyond

 

Reference

 

Income (in dollars)

5.52*E-7

1.08*10 -5

4.70*10-6

HOME ENVIRONMENT

   

Family structure & conflict over child rearing

   

Married/Partner Low Conflict

 

Reference

 

Married/Partner High Conflict

-2.06

-1.20

-2.12

Married/Partner Unknown Conflict

-0.99

-1.69

-3.66

Unmarried/No partner

-3.22

-2.11

-2.70

Number of books child has of his/her own

   

< 3

 

Reference

 

3-9

2.30

1.72*

0.59

≥ 10

2.65

2.06*

0.25

Frequency of reading to child

   

Less than three times per week

 

Reference

 

Three times per week

0.44

0.06

1.42*

Daily

1.67

0.47

1.56*

  1. Notes: Beta values from weighted regression models are presented for each predictor. In the entire NLSY79 Child Files encompassing the rounds from which we drew our sample, approximate response rates for Math and Reading Recognition scores were 92 percent and 91 percent, respectively [47]. Reading Comprehension responses rates were typically lower, ranging from 86 percent to 91 percent [47]. This resulted in sample sizes for our analyses of six and seven-year olds of 2200 for math, 2178 for reading recognition, and 1384 for reading comprehension. All values in bold are significant at p < 0.01.
  2. * p < 0.05.