Table 2 Characteristics of the study sample
| Â | All (n = 808) | Hosp. 1 (n = 459) | Hosp. 2 (n = 119) | Hosp. 3 (n = 47) | Hosp. 4 (n = 183) | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable/Frequency (valid percent) | Freq. (%) | Freq. (%) | Freq. (%) | Freq. (%) | Freq. (%) | Pearson χ2 test (P) |
Gender |  |  |  |  |  | χ 2 = 4.78 (P = .19) |
   Male | 73 (9) | 46 (10) | 7 (6) | 7 (15) | 13 (7) |  |
   Female | 735 (91) | 413(90) | 112 (94) | 40 (85) | 170 (93) |  |
Highest completed education program |  |  |  |  |  | χ 2 = 38.85 (P = .001**, Phi = .23) |
   High school or diploma | 81 (11) | 38 (9) | 23 (22) | 4 (9) | 16 (9) |  |
   Associate degree | 337 (44) | 176 (40) | 58 (55) | 16 (38) | 87 (51) |  |
   Bachelor's degree | 316 (41) | 208 (47) | 22 (21) | 20 (48) | 66 (38) |  |
   Master's degree or higher | 28 (4) | 20 (4) | 2 (2) | 2 (5) | 4 (2) |  |
Work title |  |  |  |  |  | χ 2 23.82 (P = .001**, Phi = .17) |
   Staff nurse | 636 (79) | 374 (82) | 74 (62) | 41 (87) | 147 (80) |  |
   Nurse aide/technician | 172 (21) | 85 (18) | 45 (38) | 6 (13) | 36 (20) |  |
Type of unit |  |  |  |  |  | χ 2 = 148.28 (P = .001**, Phi = .43) |
   Acute medical | 406 (50) | 279 (61) | 51 (43) | 38 (81) | 38 (21) |  |
   Acute surgical | 128 (16) | 27 (6) | 30 (25) | 9 (19) | 62 (34) |  |
   Acute medical-surgical | 274 (34) | 153 (33) | 38 (32) | - | 83 (45) |  |
Primary working shift |  |  |  |  |  | χ 2 = 134.90 (P = .001**, Phi = .41) |
   Day shift | 226 (33) | 139 (30) | 38 (33) | 23 (49) | 66 (37) |  |
   Evening shift | 70 (9) | 54 (12) | 6 (5) | 8 (17) | 2 (1) |  |
   Night shift | 76 (9) | 54 (12) | 9 (8) | 3 (7) | 10 (6) |  |
   12-h day shift | 149 (19) | 49 (10) | 43 (37) | 2 (4) | 55 (30) |  |
   12-h night shift | 150 (19) | 81 (18) | 15 (13) | 10 (21) | 44 (24) |  |
   Rotating | 90 (11) | 81 (18) | 4 (4) | 1 (2) | 4 (2) |  |
Variable/Mean (standard deviation) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | One-way ANOVA ( P ) |
Age | 36.67 (11.19) | 35.92 (10.82) | 38.36 (12.07) | 44.57 (11.92) | 35.31 (10.41) | F = 10.31, (P = .001**) |
Tenure in acute inpatient care units | 7.32 (8.30) | 6.47 (7.74) | 9.94 (9.87) | 9.91 (8.63) | 7.07 (8.05) | F = 6.94 (P = .001**) |