| Use of guidelines | Gate-keeping | Managed care network | Second opinion | Pay by salary | Pay for performance | Utilization review | Selective contracting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | (p = 0.44) | (p = 0.06) | (p = 0.10) | (p = 0.003) | (p = 0.36) | (p = 0.006) | (p = 0.46) | (p = 0.48) |
   women (vs men) | -0.03 | -0.08 | -0.07 | -0.14 | 0.04 | -0.12 | 0.02 | -0.02 |
Age (vs >50 years) | (p = 0.005) | (p = 0.11) | (p = 0.40) | (p = 0.003) | (p = 0.93) | (p = 0.46) | (p = 0.51) | (p = 0.11) |
   up to 35 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.08 | -0.27 | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
   36-50 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.07 | -0.17 | -0.02 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.06 |
Practice setting (vs private practice) | (p < 0.001) | (p < 0.001) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.05) | (p < 0.001) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.005) | (p < 0.001) |
   public in training | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
   public senior | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.79 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 0.32 |
Specialty (vs primary care) | (p < 0.001) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.006) | (p = 0.002) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.20) | (p = 0.001) | (p = 0.04) |
   paediatricians | 0.05 | -0.23 | -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.08 | 0.02 | -0.01 | -0.07 |
   psychiatrists | -0.40 | -0.69 | -0.14 | 0.08 | -0.14 | -0.03 | 0.05 | -0.11 |
   technical specialists | -0.11 | -0.60 | -0.20 | -0.11 | -0.34 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.02 |
   internal medicine specialists | -0.02 | -0.52 | -0.17 | -0.18 | -0.10 | 0.01 | 0.03 | -0.05 |
Managed care network* | (p = 0.43) | (p < 0.001) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.27) | (p = 0.53) | (p = 0.16) | (p = 0.48) | (p = 0.33) |
   yes (vs no) | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.05 |