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Table 4 Crude and adjusted means with 95% CIs for risk factors in five patient groups.

From: Quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in general practice according to patients' ethnic background: a cross-sectional study from Oslo, Norway

Variable a

Ethnic groups b

Unadjusted d

Adjusted g

Adjusted h

  

Meanc

Ratio/Differencee(95% CI)

P f

Meanc

Ratio/Differencee(95% CI)

P f

Meanc

Ratio/Differencee(95% CI)

P f

HbA1c (%)

          
 

Nor

6.91

Ref.

 

6.89

Ref

 

6.94

Ref

 
 

SA

7.55

1.09 (1.07 to 1.12)

<0.001

7.47

1.08 (1.06 to 1.11)

<0.001

7.46

1.07 (1.05 to 1.10)

<0.001

 

MENA

7.08

1.03 (0.99 to 1.07)

0.195

7.14

1.04 (1.00 to 1.10)

0.086

7.32

1.05 (1.01 to 1.10)

0.008

 

EA

7.15

1.04 (0.99 to 1.08)

0.120

7.28

1.06 (1.01 to 1.11)

0.026

7.38

1.06 (1.01 to 1.11)

0.011

 

Others

7.33

1.06 (1.02 to 1.11)

0.004

7.31

1.06 (1.02 to 1.11)

0.007

7.33

1.06 (1.01 to 1.10)

0.011

SBP (mmHg)

          
 

Nor

138.9

Ref

 

137.5

Ref

 

137.8

Ref

 
 

SA

126.7

-12.2 (-14.5 to -10.0)

<0.001

130.7

-6.8 (-9.4 to -4.3)

<0.001

131.0

-6.8 (-9.4 to -4.2)

<0.001

 

MENA

128.4

-10.5 (-14.6 to - 6.3)

<0.001

132.2

-5.3 (-9.6 to -1.0)

0.015

132.8

-5.0 (-9.3 to -0.6)

0.024

 

EA

132.7

-6.2 (- 11.3 to -1.2)

0.016

137.0

-0.6 (-6.1 to 5.0)

0.842

137.9

0.1 (-5.5 to 5.6)

0.981

 

Others

131.1

-7.8 (-12.2 to -3.4)

0.001

134.4

-3.2 (-7.8 to 1.5)

0.181

135.5

-2.3 (-6.9 to 2.4)

0.340

DBP (mmHg)

          
 

Nor

79.6

Ref

 

80.2

Ref

 

80.2

Ref

 
 

SA

76.7

-2.9 (-4.1 to -1.6)

<0.001

75.8

-4.3 (-5.7 to -2.9)

<0.001

76.2

-4.0 (-5.4 to -2.5)

<0.001

 

MENA

76.6

-3.0 (-5.2 to -0.8)

0.008

75.3

-4.8 (-7.2 to -2.5)

<0.001

75.8

-4.4 (-6.7 to -2.0)

<0.001

 

EA

80.4

0.8 (-2.0 to 3.5)

0.579

80.8

0.6 (-2.5 to 3.6)

0.709

81.4

1.2 (-1.8 to 4.2)

0.430

 

Others

76.0

-3.6 (-5.9 to -1.2)

0.004

75.5

-4.6 (-7.2 to -2.1)

<0.001

76.5

-3.7 (-6.3 to -1.2)

0.004

S-Chol (mmol/L)

          
 

Nor

5.15

Ref

 

5.11

Ref

 

5.14

Ref

 
 

SA

4.92

-0.22 (-0.36 to -0.09)

0.001

5.00

-0.12 (-0.27 to 0.04)

0.139

5.06

-0.08 (-0.24 to 0.08)

0.313

 

MENA

5.15

0.01 (-0.24 to 0.25)

0.962

5.14

0.03 (-0.23 to 0.29)

0.823

5.23

0.09 (-0.18 to 0.35)

0.526

 

EA

5.40

0.25 (-0.05 to 0.55)

0.099

5.45

0.33 (0.01 to 0.66)

0.046

5.51

0.37 (0.04 to 0.70)

0.026

 

Others

5.14

-0.01 (-0.27 to 0.26)

0.652

5.16

0.05 (-0.23 to 0.33)

0.725

5.20

0.06 (-0.23 to 0.34)

0.702

  1. a HbA1c was log-transformed before applying the random intercept model for estimation due to highly skewed distribution of data. The results (estimates with 95% confidence intervals) were transformed back to the original scale using anti-log. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; S-Chol: S-Cholesterol.
  2. b Nor: Norwegians; SA: South Asians, MENA: patients from Middle East/North Africa, EA: East Asians, Others: patients from other regions.
  3. c Geometric means of HbA1c and arithmetic means of SBP, DBP and S-Cholesterol.
  4. d Multiple regression models were applied to estimate difference in the particular group compared to the reference group (Norwegians).
  5. e The antilog of the effect of the ethnic group on HbA1c is the ratio of geometric means between the particular group and the reference group (Norwegians).
  6. f p-values.
  7. g Multiple regression models were applied to estimate difference in the particular group compared to reference group (Norwegians) adjusted for confounders (age, gender, diabetes duration).
  8. h Linear mixed effect models (lme in R [17]) were applied to estimate difference in the particular group compared to reference group (Norwegians) adjusted for confounders (age, gender, diabetes duration), practices and physicians (as random intercept).
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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